From the Guidelines
Phantosmia is primarily caused by temporal lobe dysfunction, degenerative or psychiatric disease, as well as other factors such as upper respiratory infections, sinus infections, nasal polyps, and head trauma. The perception of odors that aren't actually present can be triggered by various conditions, including neurological disorders like migraines, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease 1. Certain medications, particularly some antidepressants, stimulants, and antipsychotics, may also induce phantosmia as a side effect.
Some key factors to consider in the diagnosis of phantosmia include:
- Upper respiratory infections
- Sinus infections
- Nasal polyps
- Head trauma
- Neurological conditions like migraines, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease
- Certain medications, such as antidepressants, stimulants, and antipsychotics
- Exposure to toxic chemicals
- Dental problems
- Hormonal changes during pregnancy or menopause
According to the most recent study 1, the causative factors for olfactory impairment can be categorized into three main groups, including conduction loss from sinonasal passage obstruction, sensorineural loss from olfactory neuroepithelial damage, and dysfunction from central nervous system disorders. It is essential to consult a healthcare provider if you experience persistent phantosmia, as treatment depends on identifying the underlying cause. Options may include saline rinses for nasal issues, medication adjustments, or in rare cases, surgical interventions for structural problems. The mechanism involves abnormal activation of the olfactory system, either through direct irritation of olfactory neurons or disruption of brain regions that process smell 1.
From the Research
Causes of Phantosmia
The causes of phantosmia, a condition characterized by the perception of smells in the absence of olfactory stimuli, can vary. Some of the possible causes include:
- Infections 2
- Traumatic brain injury 2, 3
- Psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia 2
- Neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease 4
- Other factors, such as changes in brain structure following an infection 2
Associated Conditions
Phantosmia can be associated with various conditions, including:
- Parosmia, a distorted olfactory sensation in the presence of an odor 2, 3
- Qualitative olfactory dysfunctions, which can be secondary to neurological diseases 3
- Hyposmia, a reduced ability to smell 4, 5
Triggers and Exacerbating Factors
Certain factors can trigger or exacerbate phantosmia, including: