From the Research
Maxillary sinus agenesis is extremely rare in the general population, with an estimated incidence of less than 0.1%. This congenital absence of one or both maxillary sinuses occurs when the normal embryological development and pneumatization process fails to take place. Most cases of maxillary sinus agenesis are unilateral rather than bilateral, with bilateral cases being exceedingly rare. The condition is often discovered incidentally during imaging studies performed for other reasons, as it typically does not cause symptoms on its own. Maxillary sinus agenesis may be associated with other craniofacial anomalies or syndromes in some cases.
Key Points
- The rarity of this condition makes it important to distinguish true agenesis from hypoplasia (underdevelopment) of the sinus, which is more common 1.
- Radiological examination, particularly CT scanning, is the gold standard for diagnosis, allowing visualization of the paranasal sinus anatomy and confirmation of true agenesis versus hypoplasia or pathological opacification.
- Some studies have reported associations between maxillary sinus hypoplasia and other paranasal sinus anomalies, such as uncinate process hypoplasia 1.
- Other conditions, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, can also be associated with agenesis of the paranasal sinuses, including the frontal and sphenoid sinuses 2.
- Odontogenic conditions, such as periodontal bone loss and periapical lesions, can be associated with maxillary sinus disease, including mucosal thickening and maxillary sinusitis 3.
Diagnosis and Management
- Radiological examination, particularly CT scanning, is essential for diagnosis and management of maxillary sinus agenesis.
- Distinguishing true agenesis from hypoplasia or other conditions, such as pathological opacification, is crucial for proper management.
- Management may involve monitoring, medical therapy, or surgical intervention, depending on the presence of symptoms or associated conditions.