Idiopathic Scoliosis: This is the most common type of scoliosis, and given the age and the presence of both dextroscoliosis and levoscoliosis with small Cobb angles, it is likely that this condition is idiopathic. The small Cobb angles suggest an early or mild form of the condition.

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) variant: Although the patient is 10, which is slightly younger than the typical age range for AIS, some cases can present earlier. The presence of both upper thoracic and thoracolumbar curves could suggest a variant of AIS.
Scheuermann's Kyphosis: While primarily known for causing kyphosis, Scheuermann's disease can also lead to scoliotic curves, especially in the thoracic and thoracolumbar regions. However, the Cobb angles provided are quite small for a definitive diagnosis.
Postural Scoliosis: This condition is caused by poor posture and can result in small Cobb angles. It's a possibility, especially if the curves are significantly reduced or corrected with postural changes.

Neuromuscular Scoliosis: Conditions such as muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, or spinal cord injuries can cause scoliosis. These conditions can progress rapidly and have significant implications for the patient's health and quality of life.
Congenital Scoliosis: Although less common, congenital anomalies of the spine can cause scoliosis. Early detection is crucial as these conditions can be associated with other systemic anomalies and may require surgical intervention.
Intraspinal or Intra-abdominal Tumors: Tumors such as neuroblastoma or spinal cord tumors can cause scoliosis due to uneven growth or mass effect. These are rare but critical diagnoses that would significantly alter management and prognosis.
Infectious or Inflammatory Conditions: Conditions like spinal infections (e.g., osteomyelitis, discitis) or inflammatory diseases (e.g., juvenile idiopathic arthritis) can cause scoliosis. These conditions require prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent long-term damage.

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: A genetic disorder that can affect the skin, joints, and blood vessels, and in some cases, lead to scoliosis due to tissue laxity and poor collagen structure.
Marfan Syndrome: Another genetic disorder that affects the body's connective tissue, leading to features such as tall stature, joint hypermobility, and potentially, scoliosis.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A condition characterized by bones that break easily, often due to defects in collagen production. Scoliosis can be a feature due to the fragility of the bones and vertebral bodies.