What is the anatomy of an umbilical (navel) hernia?

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From the Research

Anatomy of an Umbilical Hernia

The anatomy of an umbilical hernia involves a weakness or non-complete closure of the umbilical ring, which can be congenital or acquired 1.

• The umbilical ring is a natural opening in the abdominal wall where the umbilical cord passes through during fetal development.
• In children, an umbilical hernia is usually congenital and occurs due to incomplete closure of the umbilical ring, allowing protrusion of intraabdominal contents 2.
• In adults, an umbilical hernia is often acquired and can be caused by factors such as obesity, multiparity, and cirrhosis 1.
• The fascia posterior to the canal is thinner, creating an area of weakness that can lead to herniation 2.

Umbilical Ring Morphology

The morphology of the umbilical ring and its relation to adjacent ligaments can vary, and has been classified into five types 3.

• The umbilical fascia is a protective structure that is absent in cases of umbilical hernia 3.
• The round hepatic ligament and its attachment to the inferior border of the ring also play a role in preventing hernias 3.

Hernia Incidence and Risk Factors

The incidence of umbilical hernias varies, with a reported incidence of 1.9% to 18.5% in the white population 2.

• Risk factors for umbilical hernias include obesity, multiparity, and cirrhosis 1, 4.
• Pregnancy can also cause herniation or render a preexisting hernia apparent due to increased intra-abdominal pressure 4.