What is the treatment for facial fractures?

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Last updated: July 10, 2025View editorial policy

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Treatment for Facial Fractures

The treatment of facial fractures requires a systematic approach prioritizing life-threatening conditions first, followed by surgical repair based on specific fracture timing guidelines to optimize functional and cosmetic outcomes. 1

Initial Assessment and Stabilization

Primary Survey (ABC's)

  • Airway management: Facial fractures can compromise the airway through hemorrhage, soft-tissue edema, and loss of facial architecture 1
  • Breathing assessment: Check for associated pulmonary injuries (present in 31.1% of severe facial trauma) 2
  • Circulation: Evaluate for hemorrhagic shock (occurs in approximately 6.2% of facial fracture patients) 3
  • Neurological status: Assess for traumatic brain injury (cerebral hematomas occur in 43.7% of facial trauma patients) 2

Secondary Survey

  • Detailed facial examination: palpation, visual inspection, facial symmetry
  • Ocular assessment: visual acuity, extraocular movements, pupillary response
  • Cranial nerve evaluation
  • Detection of cerebrospinal fluid leak
  • Dental occlusion assessment 1

Diagnostic Imaging

  • CT maxillofacial: Gold standard for facial fracture evaluation

    • Provides high-resolution images with thin-section acquisitions
    • Allows multiplanar and 3D reconstructions for complex fracture characterization 1
  • CT head: Recommended for patients with suspected frontal sinus fractures due to high association with intracranial injuries (>33% of cases) 1

  • MRI: Reserved for specific cases requiring detailed soft tissue evaluation, not routine 1

Surgical Management Timeline

Immediate Repair (Emergency)

  • Entrapped muscle/periorbital tissue with nonresolving oculocardiac reflex (bradycardia, heart block, dizziness, nausea, vomiting)
  • White-eyed blow-out fracture with muscle entrapment (particularly in children)
  • Globe subluxation into maxillary sinus 1

Early Repair (Within 2 Weeks)

  • Symptomatic diplopia with positive forced ductions or entrapment on CT
  • Large floor fractures with hypoglobus
  • Progressive infraorbital hypoesthesia
  • Early enophthalmos or hypoglobus causing facial asymmetry 1

Delayed Repair (After 2 Weeks)

  • Restrictive strabismus
  • Unresolved enophthalmos 1

Observation

  • Minimal diplopia (not in primary or downgaze)
  • Good ocular motility
  • No significant enophthalmos or hypoglobus 1

Antibiotic Management

For facial fractures without evidence of infection:

  • Non-operative fractures: Prophylactic antibiotics not recommended
  • Operative non-mandibular fractures: Pre-operative antibiotics not recommended
  • Operative mandibular fractures: Pre-operative antibiotics not recommended
  • Post-operative antibiotics (>24 hours): Not recommended for any facial fracture type 4

Rehabilitation and Follow-up Care

  • Early post-fracture physical training and muscle strengthening
  • Long-term balance training and fall prevention
  • Individualized rehabilitation plan based on patient goals and needs 1

Management of Persistent Strabismus After Fracture Repair

  • Short burst of oral steroids to hasten recovery and identify persistent strabismus
  • Conservative treatments: occlusion, filters, Fresnel prisms, prism glasses
  • For persistent strabismus, wait 4-6 months after trauma before surgical correction unless substantial fat and orbital pulley entrapment suggests earlier repair 1

Complications to Monitor

  • Approximately 15% of patients may experience postoperative functional problems
  • About 13% may develop variable cosmetic deformities
  • Approximately 17% may require subsequent reoperation 5
  • Serious ocular injury occurs in 24% of blowout fracture cases 1

Special Considerations

  • Mortality risk: Approximately 1.3% of severe facial trauma patients may die during hospitalization, primarily due to neurologic injuries 2
  • Associated injuries: 11.3% of facial fracture patients sustain significant concomitant injuries outside the facial skeleton 6

Remember that the primary goal of facial fracture management is to restore both function and cosmesis while preventing complications that could impact morbidity, mortality, and quality of life.

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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