Safe and Toxic Human Foods for Pets
Chocolate and several other common human foods can be lethal to pets, particularly dogs, and should be kept strictly out of their reach to prevent potentially fatal poisoning.
Toxic Foods for Dogs and Cats
Chocolate and Caffeine Products
- Chocolate contains theobromine and caffeine (methylxanthines) which are highly toxic to dogs 1
- The lethal dose of theobromine is 100-500 mg/kg of body weight in dogs
- Toxicity varies by chocolate type:
- Cocoa powder (20 mg/g) and dark chocolate (15 mg/g) are most dangerous
- Milk chocolate has less (2 mg/g)
- White chocolate has minimal amounts (0.1 mg/g)
- Less than 100g of dark chocolate can be fatal for a 10kg dog
- Symptoms develop within 2-24 hours and include vomiting, hyperexcitability, tachycardia, seizures, and potentially death 1
Allium Species (Onions and Garlic)
- Onions, garlic, leeks, and chives are toxic to both dogs and cats 2, 3
- These can cause hemolytic anemia, especially in cats who are more sensitive
Grapes and Raisins
- Grapes, raisins, sultanas, and currants can cause acute kidney failure in dogs 2, 3
- Even small amounts can be toxic, with no established safe dose
Xylitol
- Found in sugar-free gum, candies, and some peanut butters
- Causes rapid insulin release in dogs, leading to hypoglycemia and potential liver failure 2, 3
Alcohol
- Toxic to pets, causing central nervous system depression, respiratory distress, and acidosis 2
Nuts
- Macadamia nuts are particularly toxic to dogs, causing weakness, hyperthermia, and inability to walk 2, 3
Other Toxic Items
- Unbaked bread dough (can expand in stomach and produce alcohol)
- Avocado (particularly toxic to birds and some mammals)
- Raw/undercooked meat and eggs (risk of Salmonella and E. coli)
- Moldy foods (may contain mycotoxins)
Safe Human Foods for Pets
While many human foods are dangerous for pets, some can be safely given in moderation:
- Well-cooked, lean meats without seasonings
- Plain, cooked eggs
- Many fruits (except grapes/raisins) in moderation
- Some vegetables (except onions/garlic)
- Plain, cooked grains
Special Considerations
Food Handling Safety
- Avoid cross-contamination between raw meats and other foods 1
- Wash hands thoroughly after handling pet food or treats 1
- Store pet food properly to prevent contamination 4
High-Risk Populations
- Young animals (under 6 months) are at higher risk for foodborne illness 1
- Animals with compromised immune systems require extra caution with food 1
Prevention of Food Toxicity
- Keep dangerous foods secured - Store chocolate, medications, and toxic foods where pets cannot access them
- Educate all household members - Ensure everyone knows which foods are dangerous
- Be cautious with garden products - Cocoa shell mulch contains high levels of theobromine (25 mg/g) and can be attractive to dogs 1
- Provide pet-specific treats - The safest option is to give only commercial pet food and treats specifically formulated for pets 2
- Seek immediate veterinary care if ingestion of toxic food is suspected
Emergency Response
If your pet consumes a potentially toxic food:
- Contact a veterinarian immediately
- For chocolate ingestion, treatment includes induced vomiting, activated charcoal administration, and supportive care 1
- Do not induce vomiting without veterinary guidance
Remember that what's safe for humans can be deadly for pets. When in doubt about a food item, it's always better to err on the side of caution and avoid feeding it to your pet.