From the Guidelines
Stimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, are the most effective and commonly prescribed medications for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), with a large effect size for reducing ADHD core symptoms 1.
Overview of ADHD Medications
The treatment of ADHD typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication. The most popular medications for ADHD include:
- Stimulants: methylphenidate, amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine
- Non-stimulants: atomoxetine, bupropion, guanfacine, clonidine
Stimulant Medications
Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, work by increasing levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which helps improve attention, concentration, and executive function. These medications are available in short-acting and long-acting formulations, with the latter encompassing different controlled-release stimulant formulations 1.
- Methylphenidate: available in immediate-release and extended-release forms, such as Ritalin and Concerta
- Amphetamine: available in immediate-release and extended-release forms, such as Adderall and Vyvanse
Non-Stimulant Medications
Non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine and bupropion, are alternative options for treating ADHD. These medications work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as norepinephrine and dopamine.
- Atomoxetine: a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, available as Strattera
- Bupropion: a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, available as Wellbutrin
Considerations for Medication Selection
When selecting a medication for ADHD, it is essential to consider individual factors, such as the severity of symptoms, presence of comorbidities, and patient preferences. Additionally, the potential side effects and risks associated with each medication should be carefully evaluated 1.
- Stimulant medications: may increase heart rate, blood pressure, and risk of dependence
- Non-stimulant medications: may have a smaller effect size compared to stimulants, but may be preferred in certain situations, such as comorbid substance use disorders or tic disorders.
From the FDA Drug Label
Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Oral Solution is a prescription medicine used for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in people 6 years of age and older. Methylphenidate hydrochloride oral solution is indicated for the treatment of: • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older
Popular medications for ADHD include:
- Methylphenidate hydrochloride oral solution 2 2 It is essential to consult a healthcare provider to determine the best course of treatment for ADHD, as they can recommend the most suitable medication and dosage based on individual needs.
From the Research
Popular Medications for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Stimulant medications are commonly used to treat ADHD, including:
- Non-stimulant medications are also used to treat ADHD, including:
Mechanism of Action
- Amphetamines act by increasing presynaptic release of dopamine and other biogenic amines in the brain 3
- Methylphenidate inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, similar to amphetamines 3
- Atomoxetine selectively inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine 4
Efficacy and Safety
- Amphetamines have been shown to be effective in reducing ADHD symptoms in adults, but are associated with adverse events such as headache, insomnia, and anxiety 5
- Modafinil has been shown to be effective in reducing ADHD symptoms in adults, with a relatively favorable side effect profile 6
- Lisdexamfetamine has been shown to have reduced abuse liability compared to short-acting amphetamine compositions 7