What antiarrhythmic (anti-arrhythmic) agents are contraindicated in Brugada syndrome?

Antiarrhythmic Agents Contraindicated in Brugada Syndrome

Class I sodium channel blockers, certain calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, and tricyclic antidepressants are contraindicated in Brugada syndrome as they can unmask or exacerbate the ECG pattern and precipitate life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. 1

Specific Contraindicated Medications

Class I Antiarrhythmics (Sodium Channel Blockers)

• Class IA:

  • Ajmaline
  • Procainamide
  • Disopyramide
  • Quinidine (paradoxically, can be used therapeutically in specific cases)

• Class IC:

  • Flecainide
  • Propafenone
  • Pilsicainide

Other Contraindicated Medications

• Calcium channel blockers:

  • Verapamil (particularly when combined with sodium channel blockers) 2

• Beta-blockers 3

• Psychotropic medications:

  • Tricyclic antidepressants
  • Tetracyclic antidepressants 4, 5

• Other substances:

  • Cocaine
  • Excessive alcohol 1, 4

Mechanism of Risk

These medications pose risk through several mechanisms:

1. Enhanced outward currents/reduced inward currents: They create ionic imbalance that exacerbates the already compromised action potential in the right ventricular epicardium

2. Unmasking effect: They can convert a concealed Brugada pattern to a manifest type 1 pattern

3. Arrhythmogenic potential: They increase the risk of ventricular fibrillation by enhancing transmural and epicardial dispersion of repolarization 2

Clinical Implications

• Diagnostic use: While contraindicated for treatment, sodium channel blockers (ajmaline, flecainide, procainamide) are paradoxically used as provocative agents during diagnostic evaluation to unmask concealed Brugada ECG patterns 1

• Any medication challenge should be terminated immediately if:

  • Ventricular arrhythmias develop
  • Marked QRS widening occurs
  • Type 1 Brugada ECG pattern emerges 1

Special Considerations

• Fever management: Prompt treatment of fever with antipyretic drugs is essential as fever can unmask Brugada ECG pattern and trigger arrhythmias 1

• Therapeutic options:

  • Quinidine (despite being a Class IA agent) may be considered in specific situations:

    • For patients with recurrent ICD shocks
    • For patients who qualify for an ICD but have contraindications or refuse it
    • For treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias in Brugada patients 1

  • Isoproterenol can be used to treat electrical storms in Brugada syndrome 1, 5

Prevention Strategies

• All patients with Brugada syndrome should be directed to www.brugadadrugs.org to check medication safety before taking any new drugs 1

• Patients should be educated about avoiding excessive alcohol intake and large meals 1

• Patients should be advised to promptly treat any fever with antipyretic medications 1

• For patients requiring treatment of arrhythmias, an ICD remains the most effective therapy for preventing sudden cardiac death 5