Differential Diagnosis for Salmonella

• Single most likely diagnosis
  • Gastroenteritis: This is the most common presentation of Salmonella infection, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and sometimes vomiting. The symptoms typically start within 12-72 hours after exposure and can last for 4-7 days.
• Other Likely diagnoses
  • Typhoid fever: Caused by Salmonella Typhi, this condition presents with fever, headache, abdominal pain, and rash. It's more common in areas with poor sanitation and can be severe if not treated promptly.
  • Bacteremia: Salmonella can enter the bloodstream, leading to bacteremia, which may present with fever, chills, and sepsis. This is more likely in individuals with weakened immune systems.
  • Focal infections: Salmonella can cause localized infections such as osteomyelitis, meningitis, or pneumonia, especially in people with certain underlying health conditions.
• Do Not Miss (ddxs that may not be likely, but would be deadly if missed.)
  • Severe sepsis or septic shock: Although less common, Salmonella infection can lead to severe sepsis or septic shock, particularly in vulnerable populations like the elderly, young children, and those with compromised immune systems. Early recognition and treatment are crucial.
  • Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS): While more commonly associated with E. coli, certain strains of Salmonella can also cause HUS, a condition characterized by hemolytic anemia, acute kidney injury, and low platelet count.
• Rare diagnoses
  • Reactive arthritis: A rare complication of Salmonella infection, where the immune system reacts to the bacteria by causing inflammation in the joints, eyes, and urethra.
  • Endocarditis: Salmonella can very rarely cause endocarditis, an infection of the heart valves, particularly in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions.