What are other natural Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

Natural ACE Inhibitors: Evidence-Based Options

Several natural compounds have demonstrated ACE inhibitory activity, with the most effective being peptides from milk proteins, fish proteins, and certain plant compounds including flavonoids and polyphenols found in foods like cocoa, tea, and berries.

Natural Sources of ACE Inhibition

Peptides and Protein Sources

• Milk proteins: Dairy-derived peptides, particularly from whey and casein, have demonstrated ACE inhibitory effects
• Fish proteins: Peptides from various fish species show significant ACE inhibitory activity
• Soy proteins: Contain bioactive peptides with ACE inhibitory properties

Plant-Based Sources

• Flavonoid-rich foods:

  • Cocoa and dark chocolate
  • Green and black tea
  • Berries (blueberries, strawberries, cranberries)
  • Pomegranate
  • Red wine (in moderation)

• Other plant compounds:

  • Garlic and onions (contain sulfur compounds)
  • Olive leaf extract
  • Hibiscus tea
  • Flaxseed

Mechanism of Action

Natural ACE inhibitors work through similar mechanisms as pharmaceutical ACE inhibitors but typically with lower potency:

1. Competitive binding to the active site of ACE
2. Chelation of zinc ions at the active site of ACE
3. Modification of the enzyme structure

Clinical Relevance

It's important to note that while these natural compounds show ACE inhibitory activity in laboratory settings, their clinical effects are generally much milder than pharmaceutical ACE inhibitors. The guidelines from major cardiovascular societies, including the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association, do not specifically recommend natural ACE inhibitors for managing hypertension or heart failure 1.

Important Considerations

• Not substitutes for medication: Natural ACE inhibitors should not replace prescribed ACE inhibitors for conditions like hypertension, heart failure, or diabetic nephropathy 1
• Adjunctive role: These natural compounds may be considered as part of a comprehensive approach to cardiovascular health
• Variable potency: The ACE inhibitory effect of natural compounds is generally much weaker than pharmaceutical options
• Inconsistent bioavailability: Absorption and bioactivity of these compounds vary significantly
• Potential interactions: Some natural compounds may interact with medications, including pharmaceutical ACE inhibitors

Dietary Recommendations

The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology guidelines support dietary approaches that may indirectly support healthy blood pressure 1:

• Reduced intake of saturated fats (to less than 7% of total calories)
• Limited cholesterol (to less than 200 mg per day)
• Minimal trans fat consumption (less than 1% of energy)
• Increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products
• Regular physical activity and weight management

Conclusion

While natural ACE inhibitors exist in various food sources, their effects are generally modest compared to pharmaceutical options. For individuals with diagnosed hypertension, heart failure, or other conditions requiring ACE inhibition, pharmaceutical ACE inhibitors remain the standard of care 2. Natural sources may provide supplementary benefits as part of an overall heart-healthy diet but should not replace prescribed medications.