What are the signs and symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

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Last updated: September 16, 2025View editorial policy

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Signs and Symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by cutaneous, musculoskeletal, renal, neurologic, hematological, and pulmonary manifestations, primarily affecting women of reproductive age. 1

Common Clinical Manifestations

Constitutional Symptoms

  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Weight loss

Mucocutaneous Manifestations (Common)

  • Acute cutaneous lupus (malar/butterfly rash)
  • Subacute cutaneous lupus (photosensitive, non-scarring lesions)
  • Chronic cutaneous lupus (discoid lesions with scarring)
  • Oral/nasal ulcers
  • Alopecia
  • Photosensitivity

Musculoskeletal Manifestations (Common)

  • Arthritis/arthralgia (non-erosive, involving small joints of hands, wrists, knees)
  • Myalgia
  • Morning stiffness

Renal Manifestations

  • Proteinuria
  • Hematuria
  • Cellular casts
  • Elevated serum creatinine
  • Hypertension

Neuropsychiatric Manifestations

  • Common (>5% incidence) 1:
    • Cerebrovascular disease
    • Seizures
  • Less common (1-5% incidence):
    • Severe cognitive dysfunction
    • Major depression
    • Acute confusional state
    • Peripheral neuropathy
    • Psychosis

Hematological Manifestations

  • Leukopenia
  • Lymphopenia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Hemolytic anemia

Cardiopulmonary Manifestations

  • Pleuritis (most common pulmonary manifestation) 1
  • Pericarditis
  • Myocarditis
  • Interstitial lung disease (rare, 1-15% of patients) 1
  • Pulmonary hypertension

Risk Factors for Specific Manifestations

Neuropsychiatric Lupus Risk Factors 1

  • Previous or concurrent severe NPSLE (for cognitive dysfunction, seizures)
  • Antiphospholipid antibodies (for cerebrovascular disease, seizures, chorea)
  • General SLE activity or damage

Interstitial Lung Disease Risk Factors 1

  • Male gender
  • Older age
  • Advanced disease stage
  • Previous acute lupus pneumonitis
  • Raynaud phenomenon
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease
  • Tachypnea
  • Abnormal nail-fold capillaries
  • Elevated CRP
  • Anti-Sm and anti-U1-RNP seropositivity

Diagnostic Considerations

Laboratory Findings

  • Positive ANA (antinuclear antibodies)
  • Anti-dsDNA antibodies
  • Anti-Sm antibodies
  • Low complement levels (C3, C4)
  • Antiphospholipid antibodies
  • Elevated inflammatory markers (ESR)
  • CRP may be normal or mildly elevated (significant elevation suggests infection) 1

Diagnostic Workup for Specific Manifestations

Neuropsychiatric Manifestations 1

  • CSF analysis (to exclude CNS infection)
  • EEG (for seizure disorders)
  • Neuropsychological tests (for cognitive dysfunction)
  • MRI (T1/T2, fluid-attenuating inversion recovery, diffusion-weighted imaging)

Pulmonary Manifestations 1

  • Pulmonary function tests (spirometry, DLCO)
  • Chest radiography
  • HRCT for suspected interstitial lung disease

Renal Manifestations 2

  • Urinalysis
  • Proteinuria quantification
  • Renal function tests
  • Renal biopsy (when indicated)

Monitoring Considerations

General Monitoring 2

  • Complete blood count every 1-3 months during active disease
  • Anti-dsDNA antibodies and complement levels (C3, C4)
  • Renal function tests and urinalysis

Organ-Specific Monitoring

  • Cutaneous: Consider using Cutaneous Lupus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) 1
  • Renal: Regular monitoring of serum creatinine, urinalysis, proteinuria, and blood pressure 1
  • Neuropsychiatric: Clinical history and cognitive assessment 1
  • Ophthalmologic: Baseline and periodic eye exams for patients on antimalarials 1, 2

Important Clinical Pitfalls

  • Symptoms may fluctuate and vary widely between patients
  • Diagnosis can be delayed due to nonspecific early symptoms
  • Neuropsychiatric manifestations may be mistaken for primary psychiatric disorders
  • Infections can mimic lupus flares and should be excluded
  • CRP elevation >50 mg/L suggests infection rather than lupus activity 1
  • Medication side effects may mimic disease manifestations

Remember that SLE is a complex disease with variable presentation, and early recognition of signs and symptoms is crucial for timely diagnosis and management to prevent organ damage and improve outcomes.

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Management

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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