What causes hyperkalemia?

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Causes of Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia is most commonly caused by medications that interfere with potassium homeostasis, particularly those that inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, along with renal impairment that reduces potassium excretion. 1, 2

Major Causes of Hyperkalemia

1. Medication-Related Causes

Medications represent the most important cause of hyperkalemia in clinical practice 2:

  • Medications that inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:

    • ACE inhibitors
    • Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
    • Direct renin inhibitors
    • Aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone, eplerenone)
    • Potassium-sparing diuretics (amiloride, triamterene)
  • Medications that impair renal potassium excretion:

    • NSAIDs
    • Calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus)
    • Heparin and derivatives
    • Trimethoprim
    • Pentamidine
  • Medications that cause transcellular potassium shift:

    • Beta-blockers (especially non-selective)
    • Calcium channel blockers
    • Succinylcholine
    • Mannitol
    • Amino acids
  • Potassium-containing medications and supplements:

    • Potassium supplements
    • Salt substitutes
    • Certain herbal preparations

2. Renal Causes

  • Acute kidney injury
  • Chronic kidney disease (especially eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m²)
  • Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism (common in diabetic nephropathy)
  • Tubular disorders affecting potassium secretion

3. Endocrine Disorders

  • Adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)
  • Hypoaldosteronism
  • Diabetes mellitus (particularly with advanced age >65 years)

4. Excessive Potassium Intake

  • High potassium diet in susceptible individuals
  • Rapid intravenous potassium administration
  • Blood transfusions (especially stored blood)

5. Cellular Shifts

  • Acidosis (metabolic or respiratory)
  • Tissue breakdown:
    • Rhabdomyolysis
    • Tumor lysis syndrome
    • Severe burns or trauma
    • Hemolysis

Risk Factors for Hyperkalemia

  • Advanced age (>65 years)
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Heart failure
  • Concurrent use of multiple potassium-altering medications
  • Dehydration

High-Risk Medication Combinations

  • Triple therapy with beta blockers + ACEIs/ARBs + MRAs carries particularly high risk 1
  • Combination of potassium-sparing diuretics with ACE inhibitors 1
  • NSAIDs with ACE inhibitors or ARBs
  • Multiple potassium-sparing medications used concurrently

Clinical Pearls and Pitfalls

  • Hyperkalemia in patients with mild-to-moderate renal failure should not be attributed to renal failure alone - always search for additional causes, especially medications 3
  • Multiple causes of hyperkalemia often coexist in the same patient - conduct a systematic evaluation 3
  • Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of beta blocker-induced hyperkalemia, particularly those over 65 years 1
  • Regular potassium monitoring is essential when starting or adjusting medications that affect potassium levels - check within 2-3 days after medication changes 1
  • ECG changes may not correlate well with serum potassium levels, so clinical assessment is crucial 4

Hyperkalemia is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt recognition and management, with particular attention to medication review and renal function assessment in all cases.

References

Guideline

Management of Hyperkalemia

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Drug-induced hyperkalemia.

Drug safety, 2014

Research

Potassium Disorders: Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia.

American family physician, 2023

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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