What are the causes of hyponatremia?

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Causes of Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia can be classified based on volume status as hypovolemic, euvolemic, or hypervolemic, with each category having distinct etiologies that require different management approaches. 1

Classification by Volume Status

1. Hypovolemic Hyponatremia

  • Gastrointestinal losses: Vomiting, diarrhea
  • Renal losses:
    • Diuretic use (especially thiazides) 2
    • Cerebral salt wasting
    • Mineralocorticoid deficiency
    • Salt-losing nephropathy
  • Skin losses: Excessive sweating, burns
  • Third-space losses: Pancreatitis, muscle trauma, bowel obstruction

2. Euvolemic Hyponatremia

  • Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) 3:
    • Malignancies (especially small cell lung cancer)
    • CNS disorders (stroke, trauma, infection)
    • Pulmonary diseases (pneumonia, tuberculosis)
    • Medications (antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants)
  • Endocrine disorders:
    • Hypothyroidism
    • Adrenal insufficiency
  • Reset osmostat syndrome
  • Psychogenic polydipsia
  • Exercise-associated hyponatremia

3. Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

  • Liver cirrhosis 3:
    • Due to systemic vasodilation
    • Decreased effective plasma volume
    • Activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
    • Inadequate regulation of antidiuretic hormone
  • Congestive heart failure 4:
    • Low cardiac output triggers neurohormonal activation
    • Increased AVP activity causes free-water retention
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Renal failure

Pathophysiological Mechanisms

Cirrhosis-Related Hyponatremia

In liver cirrhosis, hyponatremia results from 3:

  • Systemic vasodilation due to worsening portal hypertension
  • Decreased effective plasma volume
  • Decreased systemic vascular resistance
  • Decreased mean arterial blood pressure
  • Increased cardiac output leading to hyperdynamic circulation
  • Accumulation of vasodilatory substances (nitric oxide, glucagon, etc.)
  • Excessive sodium and water reabsorption via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

SIADH Criteria

SIADH manifests as euvolemic hypoosmolar hyponatremia with 3:

  • Serum sodium < 134 mEq/L
  • Plasma osmolality < 275 mosm/kg
  • Inappropriately high urine osmolality (> 500 mosm/kg)
  • Inappropriately high urinary sodium concentration (> 20 mEq/L)
  • Absence of hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, or volume depletion

Diuretic-Induced Hyponatremia

  • More commonly caused by thiazide diuretics than loop diuretics 2
  • Can develop rapidly in susceptible patients
  • Mechanism involves impaired urinary dilution and increased water retention

Severity Classification

Hyponatremia severity is classified as 1, 5:

  • Mild: 126-135 mEq/L (often asymptomatic)
  • Moderate: 120-125 mEq/L (nausea, headache, confusion)
  • Severe: <120 mEq/L (risk of seizures, coma, respiratory arrest)

Diagnostic Approach

The diagnostic approach should include 1:

  1. Assessment of volume status (hypovolemic, euvolemic, or hypervolemic)
  2. Measurement of serum osmolality
  3. Measurement of urine osmolality and sodium concentration
  4. Evaluation of relevant laboratory parameters (thyroid function, adrenal function)

Laboratory Findings by Etiology

  • Hypovolemic: Urine Na <20 mEq/L, variable urine osmolality
  • Euvolemic (SIADH): Urine Na >20-40 mEq/L, urine osmolality >500 mOsm/kg
  • Hypervolemic: Urine Na <20 mEq/L, elevated urine osmolality

Clinical Implications

Hyponatremia, particularly in cirrhosis, increases the risk of 3:

  • Hepatic encephalopathy (odds ratio 3.4)
  • Hepatorenal syndrome (odds ratio 3.5)
  • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (odds ratio 2.4)
  • Increased in-hospital waitlist mortality

Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to prevent severe complications such as seizures, coma, and death 3.

References

Guideline

Management of Hyponatremia

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Diuretic-induced hyponatremia.

American journal of nephrology, 1999

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Hyponatremia in congestive heart failure.

The American journal of cardiology, 2005

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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