What is the prevalence of magnesium deficiency?

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Prevalence of Magnesium Deficiency

Magnesium deficiency is common, with an estimated 60% of adults in the United States not achieving the average dietary intake and approximately 45% of Americans being magnesium deficient. 1

Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Magnesium deficiency is widespread but often underdiagnosed due to challenges in assessment. Key points about its prevalence include:

  • The American Heart Association acknowledges that magnesium deficiency is common 2
  • Hypomagnesemia is frequently encountered in hospitalized patients, particularly in intensive care units 3
  • Prevalence estimates in the general population range from 2.5% to 15% when measuring serum magnesium 4
  • True deficiency rates are likely higher due to limitations in standard testing methods

High-Risk Populations

Several groups have increased risk of magnesium deficiency:

  • Patients with heart failure, especially those on diuretics 5
  • Individuals with chronic intestinal disorders 5
  • Patients with diabetes mellitus 3
  • Alcoholics (due to multiple contributing factors) 3
  • Patients on certain medications:
    • Loop and thiazide diuretics
    • Proton pump inhibitors
    • Aminoglycosides
    • Cisplatin
    • Pentamidine
    • Foscarnet 3, 4
  • Patients with chronic kidney disease 5
  • Individuals with obesity (characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation) 6

Diagnostic Challenges

A major reason for underdiagnosis is the difficulty in accurately measuring magnesium status:

  • Serum magnesium can be normal despite intracellular magnesium depletion 3, 7
  • In chronic magnesium deficiency, serum levels often remain within the normal reference range (usually lowest quartile) 7
  • Only severe deficiency reliably presents with low serum magnesium levels 3
  • The American Heart Association notes that differing normal values are reported, but <1.3 mEq/L is undisputedly low 2

Better Assessment Methods

More accurate assessment of magnesium status may include:

  • Measuring magnesium concentration in urine 3
  • Using the parenteral magnesium load test 3
  • Considering clinical risk factors even when serum levels appear normal 7

Clinical Significance

Magnesium deficiency is associated with numerous pathological conditions:

  • Cardiovascular: ventricular arrhythmias, hypertension 2, 6
  • Metabolic: diabetes mellitus 6
  • Neurological disorders 1
  • Osteoporosis 6
  • Increased risk of cancer 6

Magnesium supplementation has shown benefits in specific conditions:

  • Treatment of Torsades de Pointes (TdP) 2
  • Reduction of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in heart failure patients 2
  • Improvement in outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage 2

Contributing Factors to Widespread Deficiency

Several factors contribute to the high prevalence of magnesium deficiency:

  • Common dietary practices lacking magnesium-rich foods 1
  • Medication use that increases magnesium excretion 3, 4
  • Modern farming techniques 1
  • Estimates suggest mineral content of vegetables has declined by 80-90% over the last century 1
  • Chronic inflammatory stress, particularly in obesity 6

The high prevalence of magnesium deficiency, combined with its association with numerous chronic diseases and the challenges in diagnosis, suggests that greater attention should be paid to this common but often overlooked nutritional deficiency.

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Magnesium deficiency: pathophysiologic and clinical overview.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 1994

Guideline

Hypokalemia Management

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Chronic magnesium deficiency and human disease; time for reappraisal?

QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians, 2018

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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