What studies in emergency medicine (EM) use ultrasound?

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Last updated: October 5, 2025View editorial policy

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Emergency Ultrasound Studies in Emergency Medicine

Emergency ultrasound is a fundamental skill in emergency medicine with extensive research supporting its use across multiple clinical applications including trauma, pregnancy, cardiac, abdominal, thoracic, and procedural guidance settings.

Core Applications of Emergency Ultrasound

Emergency ultrasound can be classified into five functional clinical categories:

  • Resuscitative applications: Directly related to acute resuscitation 1
  • Diagnostic applications: Used in emergent diagnostic imaging capacity 1
  • Symptom or sign-based applications: Used in clinical pathways based on patient symptoms 1
  • Procedure guidance: Used to guide invasive procedures 1
  • Therapeutic and monitoring applications: Used in therapeutics or physiological monitoring 1

11 Core Emergency Ultrasound Applications

The American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) has identified 11 core applications with significant evidence bases:

  • Trauma ultrasound: The Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) examination has demonstrated 90% sensitivity and 99% specificity in detecting peritoneal bleeding in blunt trauma, and 91% sensitivity and 100% specificity in penetrating trauma 1

  • Intrauterine pregnancy: Studies show emergency physician-performed ultrasound has 76-90% sensitivity and 88-92% specificity for detection of ectopic pregnancy 1

  • Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA): Used for rapid detection of aortic pathology 1

  • Cardiac ultrasound: Demonstrates 96-100% sensitivity and 98-100% specificity for pericardial effusion detection 1

  • Biliary tract: Used for gallbladder and biliary pathology assessment 1

  • Urinary tract: Evaluates for hydronephrosis and bladder conditions 1

  • Deep venous thrombosis (DVT): A systematic review found emergency physician-performed compression ultrasound has 95% sensitivity and 96% specificity for DVT 1

  • Soft-tissue/musculoskeletal: For soft tissue infections, one study showed 98% sensitivity and 88% specificity for abscess detection compared to needle aspiration 1

  • Thoracic ultrasound: Studies demonstrate 92-98% sensitivity and 99% specificity for pneumothorax detection compared to CT scan 1

  • Ocular ultrasound: Used for detection of retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and other ocular pathologies 1

  • Procedural guidance: Enhances safety and success rates for various procedures 1

Emergency Ultrasound in Special Settings

  • Out-of-hospital settings: Increasing evidence supports ultrasound use in pre-hospital emergency care, though challenges include training requirements and equipment availability 1, 2

  • Military and tactical settings: Particularly valuable in austere battlefield environments with limited access to traditional radiography 1

  • Remote locations: Used in international exploration, mountain base camps, cruise ships, and disaster settings 1, 3

  • Space medicine: Serves as the main imaging modality for space exploration and missions 1

Evolution of Emergency Ultrasound

  • Emergency ultrasound has evolved from its original applications decades ago to become widespread in both community and academic hospitals 1

  • Technological advances have led to machines specifically designed for emergency medicine practitioners and their unique work environments 1, 3

  • The increasing portability and improving image resolution of ultrasound machines has expanded the use of emergent imaging in various settings 1, 3

Benefits of Emergency Ultrasound

  • Provides rapid diagnosis of life-threatening conditions 4, 5

  • Non-ionizing radiation makes it safer than other imaging modalities 4

  • Portable, accessible, and non-invasive 4, 3

  • Simpler learning curve compared to other imaging modalities 4

  • Reduces the need for invasive or delayed diagnostic methods 5

  • Improves time to diagnosis and treatment 1, 4

Future Directions

  • Integration of ultrasound into physical examination, potentially outperforming traditional methods like stethoscope and percussion 3

  • Merging of pathophysiological knowledge with ultrasound findings to better manage presentations like hypotension or dyspnea 3

  • Technical innovations including elastography, artificial intelligence, and augmented reality devices 3

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Use of ultrasound by emergency medical services: a review.

International journal of emergency medicine, 2008

Research

Principles of emergency ultrasound and echocardiography.

Annals of emergency medicine, 1989

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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