What causes hyperkalemia (elevated potassium levels)?

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Causes of Hyperkalemia (Elevated Potassium)

Hyperkalemia, defined as serum potassium >5.0 mmol/L, is primarily caused by impaired renal excretion, excessive intake, or shift of potassium from intracellular to extracellular space. 1

Major Causes of Hyperkalemia

Decreased Renal Excretion

  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially when eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m², is a primary cause of hyperkalemia due to reduced potassium filtration 1
  • Acute kidney injury or acute renal failure 2
  • Hypoaldosteronism (reduced aldosterone effect) 2
  • Urinary obstruction 1

Medication-Induced Hyperkalemia

  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi):
    • ACE inhibitors
    • Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
    • Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (e.g., spironolactone)
    • Direct renin inhibitors (aliskiren) 1
  • Potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., triamterene, amiloride) 1
  • NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) 1
  • Beta-blockers 1, 3
  • Calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus) 1
  • Heparin and derivatives 1, 3
  • Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 1
  • Pentamidine 1
  • Digitalis 1
  • Mannitol 1
  • Sacubitril/valsartan 1
  • Penicillin G (in high doses) 1

Increased Potassium Intake

  • Excessive dietary potassium consumption 1
  • Potassium supplements 1
  • Salt substitutes containing potassium chloride 1, 4
  • Stored blood products (due to release of potassium from cells during storage) 1
  • High-potassium foods (bananas, oranges, potatoes, tomatoes, legumes) 1
  • Nutritional supplements, including muscle-building supplements 4

Transcellular Shifts (Movement from Intracellular to Extracellular Space)

  • Acidosis (causes potassium to move out of cells) 1
  • Rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown releasing intracellular potassium) 1, 2
  • Hemolysis (red blood cell destruction, e.g., from blood transfusions) 1
  • Tumor lysis syndrome (rapid breakdown of malignant cells) 1
  • Insulin deficiency or resistance 3
  • Severe hyperglycemia 5
  • Medications that alter transmembrane potassium movement:
    • Suxamethonium
    • Amino acids
    • Calcium channel blockers 3

Risk Factors for Hyperkalemia

  • Advanced CKD (especially eGFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m²) 1
  • Diabetes mellitus 1
  • Heart failure 1
  • Advanced age 1
  • Combination of multiple potassium-altering medications 1
  • Male gender (slightly higher risk) 1

Clinical Significance

  • Hyperkalemia can cause cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation, and sudden cardiac death 1
  • Neuromuscular symptoms include weakness, paralysis, and paresthesia 1, 4
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and ileus 4
  • Severity classification:
    • Mild: >5.0 to <5.5 mEq/L
    • Moderate: 5.5 to 6.0 mEq/L
    • Severe: >6.0 mEq/L 1

Common Pitfalls

  • Failing to recognize pseudo-hyperkalemia (falsely elevated potassium due to hemolysis during blood collection) 1
  • Overlooking medication-induced causes, especially in patients with multiple comorbidities 3
  • Inadequate monitoring of high-risk patients on RAASi therapy 1
  • Underestimating the risk of hyperkalemia in patients with mild to moderate CKD 1
  • Failing to consider nutritional supplements and salt substitutes as potential sources of excessive potassium 4

Understanding these causes is essential for proper diagnosis, prevention, and management of hyperkalemia, particularly in high-risk populations with reduced renal function or those taking medications that affect potassium homeostasis.

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of hyperkalemia.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2011

Research

Drug-induced hyperkalemia.

Drug safety, 2014

Research

Potassium Disorders: Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia.

American family physician, 2015

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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