What is the significance of PRISm (Pulmonary Risk Intervention Strategy model) on Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)?

Understanding PRISm (Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry) on Pulmonary Function Tests

PRISm is a clinically significant but often underrecognized pattern on pulmonary function tests that represents a distinct physiological abnormality with important implications for morbidity and mortality. PRISm is characterized by reduced FEV1 and FVC values but a preserved FEV1/FVC ratio, indicating a non-obstructive ventilatory defect that doesn't meet classical criteria for restrictive lung disease.

Definition and Diagnostic Criteria

• PRISm is defined by reduced FEV1 (<80% predicted) and FVC (<80% predicted) with a preserved FEV1/FVC ratio (≥70% or above the lower limit of normal) 1
• This pattern differs from obstructive lung disease (where FEV1/FVC ratio is reduced) and from confirmed restrictive lung disease (which requires reduced total lung capacity measurement) 2
• PRISm is sometimes referred to as "non-obstructive abnormal spirometry" or "isolated low FVC" in clinical practice 1

Clinical Significance and Outcomes

• PRISm is associated with increased mortality risk compared to normal spirometry, though not as high as in obstructive patterns 3
• Patients with PRISm have higher rates of respiratory symptoms, reduced exercise capacity, and decreased quality of life 4
• PRISm may represent an early or transitional state that can progress to either obstructive or restrictive lung disease over time 1
• The pattern is associated with increased risk of hospitalization and respiratory complications following surgical procedures 5

Underlying Causes and Associations

• Obesity and metabolic syndrome (causing chest wall restriction and reduced lung volumes) 2
• Early interstitial lung disease before TLC reduction becomes apparent 3
• Respiratory muscle weakness in neuromuscular disorders 6
• Poor spirometry technique or submaximal effort during testing 4
• Cardiac dysfunction affecting pulmonary function 2
• Early-stage pulmonary fibrosis before full restrictive pattern develops 3

Clinical Approach to PRISm

• PRISm should not be considered a final diagnosis but rather a physiological pattern requiring further investigation 1
• When PRISm is identified, complete pulmonary function tests including lung volumes and diffusing capacity (DLCO) should be performed 2
• If lung volumes (TLC) are reduced, this confirms a true restrictive pattern requiring evaluation for interstitial lung disease, chest wall disorders, or neuromuscular weakness 6
• If lung volumes are normal, consider poor test performance, obesity, or early/subclinical disease 4
• Serial PFTs may be valuable to monitor for disease progression, especially in patients with risk factors for progressive lung disease 6

Special Considerations in Specific Populations

• In patients with neuromuscular disorders, PRISm may be an early indicator of respiratory muscle weakness requiring closer monitoring 6
• In connective tissue diseases, PRISm may represent early interstitial lung disease before HRCT changes are apparent 6
• In sickle cell disease, routine screening PFTs are not recommended for asymptomatic patients, but PRISm pattern should prompt clinical correlation when found 6
• In obese patients, PRISm is common but should not be automatically attributed to obesity without excluding other causes 2

Management Implications

• Identification of PRISm should trigger a search for underlying causes rather than being dismissed as a non-specific finding 1
• Serial PFTs at 6-12 month intervals may be appropriate to monitor for disease progression, especially in high-risk patients 6
• Treatment should target the underlying cause rather than the PRISm pattern itself 4
• Patients with PRISm should be evaluated for respiratory symptoms, exercise limitation, and sleep-disordered breathing 2
• PRISm patients undergoing surgery may require more careful perioperative respiratory management due to increased risk of complications 5

Contraindications and Precautions for PFT Testing

• Absolute contraindications include recent myocardial infarction, unstable angina, hemodynamically significant arrhythmias, and active endocarditis 7
• Relative contraindications include uncontrolled asthma, severe hypertension, and mental impairment affecting cooperation 7
• Testing should be performed in a sitting position when possible to prevent syncope, though standing may be beneficial in obese patients 7