Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): This is the most common cause of hyperinflation seen on chest X-rays. COPD leads to air trapping due to obstructed airways, resulting in hyperinflation of the lungs.

Asthma: Similar to COPD, asthma can cause airway obstruction leading to hyperinflation, especially during acute exacerbations.
Pneumothorax: While not always a cause of hyperinflation, a pneumothorax can lead to hyperinflation of the affected lung if it is under tension.
Cystic Fibrosis: This condition can lead to chronic airway obstruction and subsequent hyperinflation due to the production of thick, sticky mucus.

Tension Pneumothorax: Although less common, a tension pneumothorax is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate recognition and treatment. It can cause significant hyperinflation of the affected hemithorax.
Foreign Body Aspiration: Especially in children, aspiration of a foreign body can lead to airway obstruction and hyperinflation of the lung distal to the obstruction.
Pulmonary Embolism with Infarction: While not typically causing hyperinflation directly, a large pulmonary embolism can lead to areas of lung infarction and subsequent changes in lung volume.

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): A rare lung disease that can cause cystic changes and hyperinflation due to the proliferation of smooth muscle-like cells.
Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema: Can occur after severe neurological insults and may present with hyperinflation among other findings.
Congenital Lobar Emphysema: A rare condition in infants where a lobe of the lung is overinflated due to malformation of the bronchial tree.