What are the guidelines for managing intestinal parasitism in the Philippines?

Guidelines on the Management of Intestinal Parasitism in the Philippines

The management of intestinal parasitism in the Philippines should follow a systematic approach based on accurate diagnosis and appropriate antiparasitic treatment, with priority given to high-risk populations including children and immunocompromised individuals. 1, 2

Epidemiology in the Philippines

• Intestinal parasitism is highly prevalent in the Philippines, with studies showing up to 62% of children in residential institutions in Metro Manila testing positive for one or more intestinal parasites 2
• Multiple infections (polyparasitism) are common, affecting 34.2% of children in institutional settings 2
• The most common helminthic infections include Ascaris lumbricoides (36%), Trichuris trichiura (44.8%), and hookworm (7%) 2
• Protozoal infections are also widespread, with Blastocystis hominis (40.7%), Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia being the most prevalent 2, 3
• Schistosoma japonicum is endemic in certain regions like Northern Samar, with co-infection with intestinal protozoa being common 3

Diagnostic Approach

• Stool examination remains the cornerstone of diagnosis for intestinal parasitism 1
• For suspected parasitic infections, concentrated stool microscopy should be performed, with multiple specimens collected over several days to increase diagnostic yield 1, 2
• For pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis), the scotch tape anal swab method is recommended for diagnosis 2, 4
• For dysentery cases, stool specimens should be examined by microscopy to identify Entamoeba histolytica, distinguishing trophozoites from white blood cells 1
• In persistent diarrhea cases not responding to initial treatment, specialized testing including immunofluorescence or PCR may be considered for Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and other parasites 1, 4

Treatment Guidelines by Parasite Type

Soil-Transmitted Helminths (Ascaris, Trichuris, Hookworm)

• Albendazole 400 mg as a single dose is the recommended first-line treatment for Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm infections, and Trichuris trichiura 5, 4
• Alternative treatment is mebendazole 100 mg twice daily for 3 days 5
• For heavy Trichuris infections, extended treatment may be necessary (albendazole 400 mg daily for 3 days) 5, 4

Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)

• Albendazole 400 mg as a single dose or pyrantel pamoate 11 mg/kg (maximum 1 g) as a single dose, repeated after 2 weeks 5, 4
• Treatment should include all household members to prevent reinfection 5
• Hygiene measures are essential: washing hands and fingernails with soap frequently, wearing clean underwear, and washing bed linens 5

Intestinal Protozoa

Amebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica)

• Metronidazole 750 mg three times daily for 5-10 days, plus either diiodohydroxyquin 650 mg three times daily for 20 days or paromomycin 500 mg three times daily for 7 days 1
• For children: metronidazole 30 mg/kg/day for 5-10 days 1

Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)

• Metronidazole 250-750 mg three times daily for 5-7 days 1
• For children: metronidazole 15 mg/kg/day for 5 days 1
• Alternative treatments include tinidazole or nitazoxanide 4

Tapeworm Infections (Taeniasis)

• For Taenia solium: niclosamide 2g as a single oral dose 6
• For Taenia saginata: praziquantel 10mg/kg as a single oral dose 6
• For unknown Taenia species, niclosamide is preferred as it is safer when the species cannot be identified 6
• Important precaution: Always exclude neurocysticercosis before using praziquantel in T. solium infections 6

Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis)

• Ivermectin 200 mcg/kg daily for 1-2 days is the treatment of choice 7
• Alternative: albendazole 400 mg twice daily for 3-7 days 7, 8
• Follow-up stool examinations should be conducted over three months following treatment to ensure eradication 7

Capillariasis (Capillaria philippinensis)

• Albendazole 400 mg/day in two divided doses for 10 days is the recommended treatment in the Philippines 8
• Alternative: mebendazole 400 mg/day for 20 days 8

Prevention and Control Strategies

• Improve sanitation facilities and access to clean water 1
• Promote handwashing with soap, especially before eating and after using the toilet 5
• Proper food preparation and storage, including thorough washing of fruits and vegetables 5
• Wearing shoes in endemic areas for hookworm prevention 5
• Regular deworming programs for school-aged children (bi-annual follow-up treatments) 2
• Health education regarding transmission and prevention of intestinal parasites 1

Special Considerations

• Pregnant women: Avoid certain antiparasitic medications; treatment should be deferred until after first trimester when possible 6
• Immunocompromised individuals: May require prolonged treatment and more aggressive follow-up to ensure complete eradication 1, 6
• Mass treatment: In high-prevalence communities, consider mass drug administration with albendazole or mebendazole for soil-transmitted helminths 2
• Family members: Treatment of all household members may be necessary for certain infections like pinworm to prevent reinfection 5

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

• Failing to collect multiple stool samples, which can lead to missed diagnoses due to intermittent shedding of parasites 7
• Misdiagnosing amebic dysentery, which requires careful microscopic examination to distinguish trophozoites from white blood cells 1
• Using praziquantel for T. solium without excluding neurocysticercosis, which could worsen neurological symptoms 6
• Inadequate follow-up after treatment, especially for Strongyloides which may require monitoring for up to three months 7
• Neglecting to treat all household members for highly contagious parasites like pinworm 5