What is the latest treatment for neurocysticercosis?

Latest Treatment for Neurocysticercosis

The latest treatment for neurocysticercosis depends on the type and location of cysts, with combination therapy of albendazole (15 mg/kg/day) plus praziquantel (50 mg/kg/day) for 10-14 days being recommended for patients with multiple (>2) viable parenchymal cysts, while albendazole monotherapy is recommended for patients with 1-2 viable parenchymal cysts. 1, 2

Diagnostic Approach

• Initial evaluation should include neuroimaging with both brain MRI and non-contrast CT scan to properly classify the type of neurocysticercosis 1
• Serologic testing with enzyme-linked immunotransfer blot is recommended as a confirmatory test, avoiding ELISA using crude antigen due to poor sensitivity and specificity 1
• Fundoscopic examination is mandatory prior to initiating anthelmintic therapy to rule out ocular involvement 1

Pre-treatment Considerations

• Screen for latent tuberculosis infection in patients likely to require prolonged corticosteroids 1
• Consider screening for or empiric therapy against Strongyloides stercoralis in patients requiring prolonged corticosteroids 1
• Household members of patients who acquired neurocysticercosis in non-endemic areas should be screened for tapeworm carriage 1

Treatment Algorithm Based on Cyst Type

Viable Parenchymal Neurocysticercosis (VPN)

• For 1-2 viable parenchymal cysts:

  • Albendazole monotherapy: 15 mg/kg/day divided into 2 daily doses for 10-14 days (maximum 1200 mg/day) 1
  • Always administer with food to improve absorption 3

• For >2 viable parenchymal cysts:

  • Combination therapy: Albendazole (15 mg/kg/day) plus praziquantel (50 mg/kg/day) for 10-14 days 1, 2
  • This combination increases parasiticidal efficacy without increasing side effects 2

• For all patients receiving antiparasitic therapy:

  • Initiate corticosteroids prior to antiparasitic drugs to reduce inflammatory response 1
  • Monitor with MRI every 6 months until resolution of cystic component 1
  • Consider retreatment if cystic lesions persist for 6 months after initial therapy 1

Single Enhancing Lesions (SELs)

• Albendazole therapy (15 mg/kg/day in twice-daily doses for 1-2 weeks) 1
• Always administer with corticosteroids initiated prior to antiparasitic therapy 1
• Follow with MRI every 6 months until resolution of cystic lesions 1

Calcified Parenchymal Neurocysticercosis (CPN)

• Symptomatic therapy alone instead of antiparasitic drugs 1
• Corticosteroids not routinely recommended for isolated CPN with perilesional edema 1
• Consider surgical evaluation for patients with refractory epilepsy 1

Intraventricular Neurocysticercosis (IVN)

• Surgical removal is recommended when possible, especially for fourth ventricular cysts 1
• Consider shunt surgery for hydrocephalus when surgical removal is technically difficult 1
• Administer corticosteroids in the perioperative period to decrease brain edema 1

Management of Complications

Elevated Intracranial Pressure

• Manage elevated intracranial pressure before initiating antiparasitic treatment 1
• Use corticosteroids for diffuse cerebral edema 1
• Consider surgical approach for hydrocephalus 1

Seizures

• Antiepileptic drugs are recommended for all patients with neurocysticercosis and seizures 1
• Choice of antiepileptic drugs should be guided by local availability, cost, drug interactions, and potential side effects 1
• Consider tapering antiepileptic drugs after 24 months in patients with few seizures prior to therapy, resolution of cystic lesions, and no seizures during that period 1

Monitoring During Treatment

• Monitor blood counts at the beginning of therapy and every 2 weeks for patients treated with albendazole for >14 days 1, 4
• Monitor liver enzymes at the beginning of therapy and every 2 weeks 4
• No additional monitoring is needed for patients receiving combination therapy beyond that recommended for albendazole monotherapy 1

Important Drug Interactions and Caveats

• Fatty meals improve absorption of albendazole 3
• Praziquantel interacts with steroids, decreasing its serum concentrations 1
• Praziquantel may lower serum levels of phenytoin and carbamazepine 1
• Dexamethasone increases plasma concentration of albendazole sulfoxide, the active metabolite 3
• Cimetidine increases plasma concentration of praziquantel by inhibiting cytochrome P450 3

Special Considerations

• Neurocysticercosis management is complex; clinicians with little experience should consult with disease experts 5
• Attempted removal of inflamed or adherent ventricular cysticerci carries increased risk of complications 1
• For giant subarachnoid cysts (≥50mm), intensive medical treatment with albendazole (15 mg/kg/day for four weeks) can be effective, potentially avoiding neurosurgery 6