What are the stages of group therapy development, in order?

The Five Stages of Group Therapy Development

The five stages of group therapy development, in order, are: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning (termination). 1

Detailed Breakdown of Each Stage

1. Forming (Opening Phase)

• This initial stage involves establishing the framework of the group, including the first contact, evaluation, and setting up arrangements for treatment 1
• Key activities include:
  • Engaging patients and establishing a trusting relationship 1
  • Setting ground rules, confidentiality parameters, and goals 1
  • Creating predictability through regular meeting times and places 1
  • Members exploring initial contact with each other and the therapist 2

2. Storming

• This stage involves conflict and resistance as group members test boundaries 2
• Characterized by:
  • Regression and emotional expression as members challenge each other and the therapist 2
  • Emergence of interpersonal conflicts that mirror external relationship patterns 1
  • Development of transference relationships where members repeat patterns from past relationships 1
  • Testing of group norms and leadership 3

3. Norming

• During this phase, cohesion develops as the group establishes its identity 3
• Key features include:
  • Development of group-specific norms and expectations 2
  • Formation of supportive relationships between members 1
  • Increased emotional investment in the group process 2
  • Establishment of roles within the group structure 2

4. Performing (Middle/Working Phase)

• This is the productive stage where the main therapeutic work occurs 1
• Characterized by:
  • Active problem-solving and interpersonal learning 2
  • Deeper exploration of personal issues 1
  • Development of insight and self-understanding 2
  • Meaningful feedback between members 3
  • Application of new behaviors and coping strategies 1

5. Adjourning/Termination (Closing Phase)

• The final stage focuses on consolidating gains and preparing for separation 1
• Key elements include:
  • Processing feelings about ending the group experience 1
  • Reviewing progress and achievements 3
  • Addressing separation anxiety and loss 1
  • Planning for maintenance of gains after group ends 3
  • Celebration of growth and change 2

Clinical Applications and Considerations

• The length of each stage varies depending on whether the group is brief (6-20 sessions), moderate (21-60 sessions), or long-term (100+ sessions) 1
• In open-ended groups, the stages may recycle when new members join or others leave 4
• Brief dynamic psychotherapies address termination tasks throughout treatment rather than only at the end 1
• Different theoretical orientations may emphasize different aspects of these stages, but the general progression remains consistent 3
• Group leaders must adapt their interventions to match the current developmental stage of the group 5

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

• Rushing through stages before the group is ready to progress 3
• Failing to address conflicts that emerge during the storming phase 2
• Not establishing clear boundaries and expectations during the forming stage 1
• Allowing dominant members to control the group process 3
• Neglecting termination issues until the final sessions 1
• Underestimating the power of group dynamics and the need for proper leadership training 6