Differential Diagnosis for Vomiting in Adults
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Gastroenteritis: This is often the most common cause of vomiting in adults, typically caused by viral or bacterial infections, leading to inflammation of the stomach and intestines. The symptoms usually include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever, in addition to vomiting.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Food Poisoning: Similar to gastroenteritis, food poisoning can cause vomiting, usually within hours of consuming contaminated food. Symptoms can also include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.
- Viral Gastrointestinal Infections: Infections like norovirus can lead to severe vomiting, often accompanied by diarrhea and stomach cramps.
- Medication Side Effects: Many medications can cause vomiting as a side effect, including antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and certain pain medications.
- Alcohol Intoxication or Hangover: Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to vomiting, either during intoxication or as part of a hangover the following day.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Appendicitis: Although less common, appendicitis can present with vomiting, especially if the appendix ruptures. It's crucial to consider this diagnosis due to the severe consequences of a delayed diagnosis.
- Intestinal Obstruction: This condition, where part of the intestine is blocked, can cause severe vomiting and is a medical emergency.
- Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas can cause vomiting, along with severe abdominal pain and potentially life-threatening complications if not promptly treated.
- Pregnancy-related Conditions: In women of childbearing age, conditions such as ectopic pregnancy or hyperemesis gravidarum (severe morning sickness) must be considered, as they can have significant implications for both mother and fetus.
Rare Diagnoses
- Brain Tumors: Certain brain tumors, especially those in the posterior fossa or cerebellum, can cause vomiting due to increased intracranial pressure.
- Meningitis or Encephalitis: Infections of the meninges or brain can lead to vomiting, often accompanied by fever, headache, and stiff neck.
- Addisonian Crisis: A life-threatening condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone, leading to vomiting among other symptoms.
- Porphyrias: A group of rare genetic disorders that can cause acute episodes of vomiting, abdominal pain, and neurological symptoms.