Lumbar Radiculopathy: This condition, often due to a herniated disc, can cause nerve pain on one side of the back. The pain typically radiates down to the leg and is accompanied by numbness, tingling, or weakness. It's a common condition that matches the symptom profile closely.

Musculoskeletal Strain: Muscle or ligament strain in the back can cause localized pain, which might be perceived as nerve pain, especially if it involves the muscles close to the spine.
Spondylosis: Degenerative changes in the spine can lead to nerve compression or irritation, resulting in one-sided back pain.
Piriformis Syndrome: This condition involves the piriformis muscle compressing the sciatic nerve, leading to pain on one side of the back that radiates down the leg.

Cauda Equina Syndrome: A serious condition where the nerves in the spinal canal are compressed, leading to severe pain, numbness, and potentially bladder and bowel dysfunction. It requires immediate medical attention.
Spinal Infection (Abscess or Osteomyelitis): Infections in the spine can cause severe back pain and neurological deficits. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent serious complications.
Spinal Tumor: Tumors in the spine can compress nerves, leading to pain and neurological symptoms. Although rare, missing this diagnosis could have severe consequences.

Diabetic Amyotrophy: A condition associated with diabetes that causes severe pain, muscle weakness, and wasting, typically on one side of the body.
Arachnoiditis: Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the spinal cord, which can cause severe nerve pain and other neurological symptoms.
Tarlov Cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that can compress nerves in the spine, leading to pain and neurological symptoms. They are relatively rare and often found incidentally.