What is a red cell (Red Blood Cell) scan?

Red Cell Scan: A Diagnostic Tool for Gastrointestinal Bleeding

A red cell scan is a nuclear medicine imaging technique that uses technetium-99m-labeled red blood cells to detect and localize active bleeding sites, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, with the ability to detect bleeding rates as low as 0.1 mL/min.

Technical Aspects and Procedure

• Red cell scans use [99Tcm] pertechnetate-labeled red blood cells that remain in the vascular space for up to 24 hours, allowing for detection of intermittent bleeding 1
• The procedure involves:
  • Labeling the patient's red blood cells with technetium-99m
  • Performing dynamic imaging immediately after injection
  • Conducting sequential static imaging at intervals for up to 24 hours 1
• SPECT (Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography) or SPECT/CT can be added to improve localization of bleeding sites 1

Clinical Applications

• Primary use is for detection and localization of gastrointestinal bleeding, particularly when endoscopy is inconclusive or not feasible 1, 2
• Most valuable in hemodynamically stable patients with intermittent bleeding that cannot be localized by other methods 1, 3
• Can be used as a screening tool before angiography to increase diagnostic yield by identifying patients with active bleeding 1
• May also be used for detection of non-enteric hemorrhage in some cases 4

Advantages

• Highly sensitive for detecting slow bleeding rates (0.04-0.1 mL/min), which is more sensitive than angiography (which requires 0.5-1.0 mL/min) 1
• Can detect intermittent bleeding due to extended imaging time of up to 24 hours 1
• Non-invasive procedure with lower radiation dose compared to CT angiography 1
• Does not require bowel preparation, making it suitable for urgent evaluation 1
• Accuracy of 92.8% when confirmed by surgery in patients with active bleeding 5

Limitations

• Cannot be performed in hemodynamically unstable patients due to long imaging times 1
• Variable accuracy rates for localizing bleeding sites, ranging from 24-91% 1
• Incorrect localization reported in 10-33% of cases with planar imaging 1
• Patient factors such as low hematocrit, recent blood transfusion, and certain medications (e.g., heparin) can interfere with RBC labeling 1
• False positives can occur due to physiologic activity in the ureters, penile activity, splenosis, pancreatic pseudocysts, or non-enteric bleeding 1

Interpretation and Clinical Significance

• Early scans (<4 hours after baseline) are more helpful in localizing bleeding sites than delayed scans 1, 3
• Positive dynamic images within the first hour of imaging are more accurate for demonstrating bleeding localization 5, 6
• Time to positive (TTP) is important - a TTP threshold of ≤9 minutes is associated with a positive catheter angiography finding six times greater than TTP >9 minutes 1
• A positive scan often necessitates urgent angiography, which should be performed within 1 hour of positive scintigraphy 1, 2

Role in Diagnostic Algorithm

• For lower GI bleeding, colonoscopy remains the first-line diagnostic procedure 2, 3
• Red cell scans are typically performed when endoscopy is inconclusive or not feasible 7, 3
• Even with a positive scan, confirmatory tests such as colonoscopy, angiography, or push enteroscopy are recommended before emergency surgery 1
• Patients with positive scans have higher rates of intervention (58% requiring embolization or surgery) compared to those with negative scans (5%) 8

Recent Developments

• SPECT/CT has improved localization accuracy compared to traditional planar imaging alone 1, 6
• CT angiography has higher accuracy (96%) compared to traditional planar RBC scans (55.4%) for localizing bleeding sites 1
• Modern guidelines suggest that CT angiography may be preferred over RBC scans in some clinical scenarios, particularly for rapid evaluation 1