What is the workup and management of sinusitis?

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Sinusitis Workup and Management

Classification and Diagnosis

Classify sinusitis by duration to guide management: acute (<4 weeks), subacute (4-8 weeks), chronic (≥8 weeks), or recurrent (≥3 episodes/year). 1

Clinical Presentation

  • Acute sinusitis presents with persistent upper respiratory symptoms, purulent rhinorrhea, postnasal drainage, anosmia, nasal congestion, facial pain, headache, fever, cough, and purulent discharge lasting less than 4 weeks 1
  • Chronic sinusitis requires symptoms persisting ≥8 weeks with abnormal CT or MRI findings; some patients present with vague or insidious symptoms 1
  • Distinguish bacterial sinusitis from viral upper respiratory infection: bacterial becomes more likely after 7-10 days of persistent symptoms 2, 3

Diagnostic Workup

  • Clinical diagnosis is based on history and physical examination for uncomplicated acute sinusitis; imaging is not required 4, 3
  • CT imaging is indicated for chronic sinusitis evaluation, treatment failures, or suspected complications 1, 5
    • Order coronal sinus CT with extra cuts through the ostiomeatal complex to clarify disease extent and location 1
  • Consider nasal-sinus biopsy in suspected neoplasia, fungal disease, granulomatous disease, or tracheal biopsy for ciliary evaluation 1

Initial Management of Acute Sinusitis

First-Line Antibiotic Therapy

Start with amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or amoxicillin-clavulanate for 10-14 days as first-line therapy. 4

  • Amoxicillin-clavulanate is FDA-approved for sinusitis caused by beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis 6
  • Continue treatment until 7 days after symptom resolution or for 10-14 days total 7

Adjunctive Therapies

  • Nasal corticosteroids reduce mucosal inflammation and are beneficial in both acute and chronic sinusitis 5, 8
  • Decongestants (topical or systemic) may reduce tissue edema and facilitate drainage, though prospective evidence is limited 7, 4
  • Supportive measures: adequate hydration, analgesics, warm facial applications, steam inhalation, saline irrigation, and head elevation while sleeping 7, 5

Important Caveats

  • Avoid antihistamines in acute bacterial sinusitis unless allergic rhinitis is present (lack of evidence for benefit) 7
  • Reassess if no improvement within 3-5 days of antibiotic treatment 1, 7

Management of Treatment Failures

Partial Response (Improved but Not Resolved)

  • Continue antibiotic treatment for another 10-14 days 1
  • Alternatively, switch to antibiotics covering resistant bacteria 1

Poor Response (No Improvement After Initial Treatment)

Switch to high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate (90 mg/kg amoxicillin and 6.4 mg/kg clavulanate, maximum 2g every 12 hours) for 10-14 days. 7, 5

Alternative antibiotics for resistant bacteria or penicillin allergy:

  • Cephalosporins: cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, cefprozil, or cefdinir 1, 7
  • Respiratory fluoroquinolones (adults only): levofloxacin or moxifloxacin for 5-7 days with excellent coverage for resistant strains 8
  • Macrolides (clarithromycin, azithromycin) only in severe penicillin allergy, but avoid as second-line due to weak activity against resistant organisms 7, 8

Failure After 21-28 Days

  • Consider pathogens not covered by prior antibiotics, nasal polyps, or noncompliance 1, 5
  • Add anaerobic coverage with clindamycin or metronidazole to broader-spectrum agents 1, 5
  • Order sinus CT scan if not already done 1, 5
  • Evaluate underlying risk factors in detail 1

Chronic Sinusitis Management

Recognize that chronic sinusitis (≥8 weeks) may be noninfectious and requires a different approach than acute bacterial sinusitis. 1

Medical Management

  • Chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic rhinosinusitis does not respond to antibiotics; consider systemic corticosteroids 1
  • Maximize medical treatment for underlying rhinitis before surgical intervention 1
  • Continue nasal corticosteroids and saline irrigation long-term 5, 9

Surgical Considerations

Refer to otolaryngology for:

  • Significant nasal septal deviation compressing the middle turbinate into the ostiomeatal complex 1
  • Obstructing nasal polyps after appropriate medical therapy including oral corticosteroids 1
  • Recurrent or chronic symptoms with radiographic ostiomeatal obstruction despite aggressive medical management 1
  • Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is the contemporary surgical approach 1
  • Most patients require continued individualized medical therapy post-surgery 1

Evaluation of Underlying Risk Factors

Allergic Rhinitis

  • Evaluate for IgE sensitization to inhalant allergens in suspected allergic rhinitis 1
  • Treat with environmental control, pharmacotherapy, and allergen immunotherapy in selected patients 1
  • Differentiate from vasomotor rhinitis, NARES, and rhinitis medicamentosa 1

Immunodeficiency Evaluation

Refer to allergist-immunologist for chronic or recurrent sinusitis associated with:

  • Otitis media, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, or pneumonia 1
  • Prior surgical procedures with continued sinusitis 1
  • Evaluation includes quantitative serum IgG, IgA, IgM levels and specific antibody responses to tetanus toxoid or pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 1

Anatomic Abnormalities

  • Refer to otolaryngology for structural abnormalities identified on examination or imaging 1, 5

Specialist Referral Indications

Consult allergist-immunologist for:

  • Recurrent sinusitis (≥3 episodes/year) requiring evaluation of inflammation, allergy, immunodeficiency, and anatomic abnormalities 1, 7
  • Treatment of underlying allergic factors and evaluation of unusual pathogens 1, 5
  • Chronic sinusitis with systemic manifestations 1

Consult otolaryngology for:

  • Structural abnormalities or nasal polyps 1, 5
  • Failure of medical management 5, 8
  • Suspected complications requiring urgent evaluation and surgical drainage 9

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Rhinitis and sinusitis.

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2010

Research

7. Rhinitis and sinusitis.

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2003

Guideline

Management of Persistent Sinusitis After Three Weeks

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Management of Recurrent Sinusitis after Initial Amoxicillin Treatment

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Treatment of Sinusitis After Augmentin Failure

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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