From the Guidelines

Ménière’s disease is a condition characterized by chronic recurrent vertigo associated with unilateral hearing loss or tinnitus.

It is a common cause of chronic recurrent vertigo, especially in patients with associated hearing loss or tinnitus 1
The condition is often associated with endolymphatic hydrops, which can be diagnosed using special MRI sequences, including heavily T2-weighted 3-D FLAIR and 3-D real inversion recovery performed 4 hours after injection of the IV contrast 1
Patients with Ménière’s disease may experience episodic hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus, and imaging studies such as MRI head and IAC without and with IV contrast, and CT temporal bone without IV contrast are useful for excluding other causes of these symptoms, such as vestibular schwannoma or superior semicircular canal dehiscence 1

The diagnosis of Ménière’s disease is often based on clinical presentation and imaging studies, and may involve the use of bedside tests, such as the Dix-Hallpike test, to differentiate between different causes of vertigo 1
Management of Ménière’s disease may involve medical therapy, lifestyle modifications, and in some cases, surgical intervention, although the specific treatment approach will depend on the individual patient's symptoms and disease severity.
It is also known as "drop attacks" in some contexts, particularly when referring to sudden falls without loss of consciousness, although this term can also be used to describe other conditions, such as atonic epileptic seizures 1

From the Research

Ménière’s disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes vertigo attacks, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness 2.
The disease is characterized by spontaneous attacks of vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, aural fullness, and tinnitus 3.
The symptoms of Ménière’s disease include episodic attacks of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, aural pressure, and a progressive loss of audiovestibular functions 4.

The pathophysiology of Ménière’s disease is commonly explained by a distension of the membranous labyrinth by the endolymph, also called endolymphatic hydrops 5.
Endolymphatic hydrops is a disorder in which excessive endolymph accumulates in the inner ear and causes damage to the ganglion cells 2.
Recent studies also tend to relate the disease to immune mechanisms 5.

The diagnosis of Ménière’s disease is based on clinical symptoms but can be complemented with functional inner ear tests, including audiometry, vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing, caloric testing, electrocochleography, or head impulse tests 2.
MRI has been optimized to directly visualize endolymphatic hydrops in the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals, and its use is shifting from the research setting to the clinic 2.
High-resolution MR imaging of the inner ear has enabled us to visualize in vivo endolymphatic hydrops in patients with suspected Ménière’s disease 4.

The management of Ménière’s disease is mainly aimed at the relief of acute attacks of vertigo and the prevention of recurrent attacks 2.
Therapeutic options are based on empirical evidence and include the management of risk factors and a conservative approach as the first line of treatment 2.
Treatment options include a low-salt diet, diuretics, vestibular suppressant drugs, benzodiazepines, and intratympanic gentamicin therapy 6, 5, 3.
Surgical indications are rare, and the least invasive procedures are used first, with the choice of procedure taking into consideration the need to preserve the auditory function of the patient 5.