From the Research
Introduction to Absence Seizures
Absence seizures, also known as petit mal seizures, are a type of generalized epilepsy characterized by a brief loss of consciousness, typically lasting a few seconds [ 1, 2 ]. They can occur at any age, but are most common in childhood [ 2, 3 ].
Risk Factors
The risk factors for absence seizures are not fully understood, but they are thought to be related to genetic and environmental factors [ 2, 4 ]. Some studies suggest that certain genetic mutations, such as those affecting ion channel coding genes, may contribute to the development of absence seizures [ 2, 5 ].
Prevention Methods
There are no proven prevention methods for absence seizures, but early diagnosis and treatment can help to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures [ 3 ].
Signs and Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of absence seizures can vary, but typically include:
- A brief loss of consciousness, usually lasting a few seconds
- A blank or staring expression
- A lack of response to surroundings
- Possibly, a slight twitching or jerking of the muscles
- Occasionally, absence seizures can be triggered by hyperventilation or photic stimulation [ 5 ]
Treatment Options
The treatment options for absence seizures typically involve the use of antiseizure medications, such as:
- Ethosuximide, which is often the first-line treatment for childhood absence epilepsy [ 1, 3 ]
- Valproic acid, which can be effective but may have more adverse effects [ 1, 3 ]
- Lamotrigine, which can be effective but may be less effective than ethosuximide [ 1, 3 ]
- Zonisamide and levetiracetam, which can also be helpful in some cases [ 5 ] The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the individual patient and the severity of their seizures.
Dosing Information
The dosing information for antiseizure medications can vary, but typical dosages include:
- Ethosuximide: 20-30 mg/kg/day, divided into 2-3 doses
- Valproic acid: 10-30 mg/kg/day, divided into 2-3 doses
- Lamotrigine: 5-15 mg/kg/day, divided into 2 doses
Caveats
It is essential to note that some medications can worsen epilepsy, cognition, and behavior, and should be avoided [ 1 ]. A multidisciplinary approach is often necessary to manage epilepsy syndromes featuring atypical absences [ 1 ]. Additionally, treatment strategies for refractory absence seizures are available, but efficacy data are lacking [ 3 ].