How do muscles acquire nutrition?

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肌肉如何獲得營養

肌肉主要通過血液循環從消化道吸收的營養物質(葡萄糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸)獲得營養,並在進食後通過胰島素介導的機制增加這些營養素的攝取。1, 2

主要營養供應途徑

葡萄糖供應

  • 葡萄糖是骨骼肌能量穩態維持的重要燃料來源,肌肉是全身葡萄糖利用的主要貢獻者 1
  • 進食後,肌肉中的葡萄糖濃度和攝取量顯著增加,可在餐後前四小時內攝取膳食中20-25%的碳水化合物 2
  • 胰島素在促進肌肉葡萄糖攝取中起關鍵作用,通過血液循環將消化道吸收的單醣運送至肌肉組織 1

蛋白質和氨基酸供應

  • 肌肉作為全身蛋白質代謝的主要氨基酸儲存庫,在沒有腸道氨基酸吸收時為重要組織和器官維持蛋白質合成提供氨基酸 3
  • 進食後氨基酸濃度升高,肌肉對氨基酸的攝取增加,蛋白質氧化增加約40% 2
  • 支鏈氨基酸(特別是亮氨酸)在運動和代謝應激期間對肌肉能量需求有重要貢獻 4

脂肪酸供應

  • 進食後非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)的濃度和肌肉攝取量下降 2
  • 在餐後早期,三酸甘油酯可能成為比循環NEFA更重要的肌肉能量來源 2
  • 脂質氧化能力在癌症患者中得以維持甚至增加,特別是在體重減輕的情況下 1

營養攝取的調節機制

血流和毛細血管化

  • 運動刺激肌肉毛細血管化、蛋白質合成、胰島素敏感性和線粒體功能,從而最大化營養攝取和利用 1, 5
  • 前臂血流量的測量顯示,通過測量動脈化血液和深靜脈血液中代謝物濃度可評估肌肉的底物代謝 2

代謝狀態的影響

  • 在餵養狀態下,術後患者的蛋白質合成率顯著增加,蛋白質分解減少,相比禁食患者有明顯差異 1
  • 過量葡萄糖暴露可導致肌肉損傷,通過氧化應激、炎症和胰島素抵抗等機制 1
  • 高血糖可能增強肌肉蛋白質分解代謝,導致瘦體重和力量減少 1

臨床實踐要點

營養支持策略

  • 充足的蛋白質攝入對於重建肌肉質量至關重要,建議超過1克/公斤體重/天,特別是在臥床休息的老年人中 1, 5
  • 攝入約20克快速消化的蛋白質可在運動後恢復的最初幾小時內優化肌肉蛋白質合成率 6
  • 營養諮詢作為營養治療的第一線,當口服攝入不足時需要口服營養補充劑 1

特殊情況考慮

  • 在重症疾病的急性早期階段(ICU第1-2天),由於內源性葡萄糖生成增強和能量消耗降低,積極的營養供應可能無益甚至有害 1
  • 肌肉質量恢復與抗阻運動結合充足蛋白質營養時效果更佳,但在老年人中恢復較慢且幅度較小 1, 5
  • 長期禁食超過24小時後,代謝反應轉向脂肪組織分解以動員脂肪酸供肌肉和腎臟利用 1

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease.

The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2006

Research

Effects of exercise on protein and amino acid metabolism.

Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 1981

Guideline

Optimal Treatment Approach for Muscle Transection Repair

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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