What type of bacterial activity do all fluoroquinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin) possess?

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Fluoroquinolones Possess Good Enterobacterales Activity

All fluoroquinolones demonstrate excellent activity against Enterobacterales (formerly Enterobacteriaceae), making this the correct answer (D).

Spectrum of Activity Across All Fluoroquinolones

Enterobacterales Coverage (Answer D - CORRECT)

  • Fluoroquinolones consistently demonstrate potent activity against Enterobacterales species, including E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter species, and Serratia marcescens 1, 2, 3.

  • Susceptibility rates for Enterobacterales to fluoroquinolones approach or exceed 86-90% across most species, with the notable exception of Providencia species (≤65% susceptibility) 4, 5.

  • Both ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin maintain excellent activity against these organisms, with MIC values of ≤1 μg/mL considered susceptible 2, 3.

  • This broad Enterobacterales coverage is a defining characteristic shared by all fluoroquinolones, distinguishing them from other antibiotic classes 6.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect

Streptococcus pneumoniae Activity (Option A - INCORRECT):

  • Older fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin have poor activity against S. pneumoniae, with AUC-to-MIC ratios of only 10-20 (target is 25-30) 1.

  • Only newer "respiratory fluoroquinolones" (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin) have enhanced pneumococcal activity 1.

  • Ciprofloxacin requires combination with gram-positive coverage (e.g., clindamycin) for pneumococcal infections 1.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Activity (Option B - INCORRECT):

  • While ciprofloxacin has good P. aeruginosa activity (approximately 70-73% susceptibility), this is not universal across all fluoroquinolones 4, 5.

  • Moxifloxacin and other respiratory fluoroquinolones have limited or no activity against P. aeruginosa 1.

  • Resistance rates in P. aeruginosa to fluoroquinolones can be significant, particularly in healthcare settings 1.

Bacteroides fragilis Activity (Option C - INCORRECT):

  • Most fluoroquinolones have moderate to poor anaerobic activity, requiring combination with metronidazole for intra-abdominal infections 1.

  • Only moxifloxacin has reasonable anaerobic coverage (approximately 90% of Bacteroides species), but this is not a class-wide characteristic 1.

  • New cephalosporin combinations must be combined with metronidazole due to limited activity against Bacteroides species 1.

Clinical Implications

  • Fluoroquinolones are commonly used for urinary tract infections precisely because of their excellent Enterobacterales coverage, particularly E. coli 1, 2, 3.

  • Resistance among Enterobacterales to fluoroquinolones has been increasing, particularly in E. coli, limiting their empiric use in some settings 1.

  • The association between fluoroquinolone resistance and ESBL-producing Enterobacterales has led to recommendations to limit extended fluoroquinolone use 1.

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