What is low-level laser therapy (LLLT) or photobiomodulation (PBM) for androgenetic alopecia (hair loss) and its mechanism of action?

From the Research

Red light therapy for hair loss, also known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), is a non-invasive treatment that uses red light wavelengths (typically 630-670 nanometers) to stimulate hair growth, and it is most effective when combined with other treatments like minoxidil or finasteride for enhanced results, as shown in a recent study 1. The therapy works by increasing blood flow to the scalp, reducing inflammation, and energizing hair follicles at the cellular level. When red light is absorbed by cells in hair follicles, it enhances mitochondrial function, increasing ATP (cellular energy) production and activating stem cells in the hair follicle. This process helps transition dormant follicles into the active growth phase. Some key points to consider about red light therapy for hair loss include:

• Typical devices include laser combs, helmets, or panels used 3-5 times weekly for 15-30 minutes per session, with results potentially visible after 3-6 months of consistent use.
• The treatment is most effective for androgenetic alopecia (male/female pattern baldness) and works best for those with mild to moderate hair loss rather than completely bald areas.
• While generally safe with minimal side effects, red light therapy can be used in combination with other treatments for enhanced results, as demonstrated by a study that found combination therapy with 5% minoxidil to be more effective than LLLT or minoxidil alone 1.
• Consistency is crucial for maintaining any benefits achieved, and patients should be aware that individual results may vary. Studies have shown that LLLT can stimulate hair growth in both men and women, with significant improvements in hair density and hair diameter observed in patients with female pattern hair loss 1. Additionally, a systematic review and meta-analysis found that LLLT, minoxidil, and finasteride are all effective treatments for androgenetic alopecia, with LLLT being a safe and effective option for patients who do not respond to or are not tolerant of standard treatments 2.