From the Guidelines
Expiratory wheezes in a patient with confirmed influenza should be treated with antiviral medication, such as oseltamivir, as soon as possible.
Treatment Details
- The treatment should be started within 48 hours of symptom onset, as it is most effective when initiated early 1.
- The recommended antiviral medication is a single neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI), such as oral oseltamivir, inhaled zanamivir, or intravenous peramivir 1.
- The treatment duration for uncomplicated influenza is 5 days with oral oseltamivir or inhaled zanamivir, or a single dose of intravenous peramivir 1.
- Patients with a documented or suspected immunocompromising condition or those requiring hospitalization for severe lower respiratory tract disease may require a longer duration of antiviral treatment 1.
Patient Selection
- Antiviral treatment should be considered for all patients with confirmed influenza, especially those at high risk of complications, such as the elderly, young children, pregnant women, and those with chronic medical conditions 1.
- Treatment can also be considered for patients who are not at high risk of complications, but it is essential to weigh the benefits and risks of antiviral therapy in these cases 1.
From the Research
Treatment for Expiratory Wheezes in Influenza
The treatment for expiratory wheezes in a patient with confirmed influenza (flu) involves a combination of supportive care and antiviral therapy.
- Supportive care includes optimizing respiratory failure, particularly through well-established and recognized ventilatory strategies 2.
- Antiviral therapy, such as oseltamivir, may be considered if the patient presents within 48 hours of symptom onset 3, 2, 4.
- The benefit of treatment is greatest when antiviral therapy is started within 24 hours of symptom onset 3.
- In patients with severe respiratory failure, early intubation and mechanical ventilation is the basic treatment, and prone ventilation should be promptly performed in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome 4.
Management of Asthma Exacerbation
In patients with asthma exacerbation due to influenza, treatment focuses on controlling asthma symptoms and supportive measures.
- A case report of a 27-year-old woman with well-controlled asthma who presented with an acute exacerbation of asthma secondary to influenza A infection, developed pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and retropharyngeal emphysema, which resolved with supportive measures and control of asthma symptoms 5.
- It is essential to consider chest radiographs in any young patient with an asthma exacerbation who has symptoms or signs suggestive of extra-alveolar air 5.
Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Diagnoses
In adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza, respiratory and nonrespiratory diagnoses are common.
- A study found that 94.9% of patients had a respiratory diagnosis, and 46.5% had a nonrespiratory diagnosis, including pneumonia, sepsis, and acute kidney injury 6.
- Nonrespiratory diagnoses occurred frequently among adults hospitalized with influenza, further contributing to the burden of infection in the United States 6.