What bacterial infections does doxycycline cover?

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Doxycycline Antimicrobial Coverage

Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic that covers intracellular bacteria, atypical pathogens, many sexually transmitted infections, rickettsial diseases, and select gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, though resistance patterns require consideration for optimal use.

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Doxycycline provides excellent coverage for several STIs:

  • Chlamydia trachomatis: First-line treatment at 100 mg orally twice daily for 7 days 1, 2
  • Treponema pallidum (syphilis): Alternative treatment in non-pregnant patients with penicillin allergy 3, 1, 2
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Effective against many US strains but NOT recommended as first-line due to increasing antimicrobial resistance 3, 1
  • Ureaplasma urealyticum: Indicated for nongonococcal urethritis 2
  • Lymphogranuloma venereum and granuloma inguinale: FDA-approved indications 2

Important caveat: Doxycycline does NOT provide reliable coverage for Mycoplasma genitalium 4

Intracellular and Atypical Pathogens

Doxycycline's lipophilicity allows excellent tissue penetration for intracellular organisms 5:

  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Respiratory tract infections 2, 6
  • Chlamydia psittaci: Psittacosis 2
  • Chlamydia trachomatis: Trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis 2

Rickettsial and Vector-Borne Diseases

Doxycycline is the drug of choice for:

  • Rickettsia species: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever, Q fever, rickettsialpox, tick fevers 2, 7
  • Borrelia recurrentis: Relapsing fever 2, 7
  • Ehrlichia species 7

Gram-Negative Coverage

Doxycycline covers multiple gram-negative organisms, though culture and susceptibility testing are recommended due to variable resistance 2:

  • Haemophilus ducreyi: Chancroid 2
  • Yersinia pestis: Plague 2
  • Francisella tularensis: Tularemia 2
  • Vibrio cholerae: Cholera 2
  • Campylobacter fetus 2
  • Brucella species (in conjunction with streptomycin) 2
  • Bartonella bacilliformis: Bartonellosis 2

Variable susceptibility (testing required): Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Shigella species, Acinetobacter species, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella species 2, 7

Gram-Positive Coverage

When susceptibility testing confirms appropriate coverage 2:

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae: Upper respiratory infections 2
  • Bacillus anthracis: Anthrax, including inhalational anthrax post-exposure prophylaxis 2
  • Listeria monocytogenes: When penicillin contraindicated 2
  • Actinomyces israelii: Actinomycosis 2
  • Clostridium species 2

Note: Minocycline (not doxycycline) is preferred for MRSA 6

Other Indications

  • Plasmodium falciparum: Malaria prophylaxis for short-term travelers (<4 months) to chloroquine-resistant areas 2, 7
  • Entamoeba histolytica: Adjunct in acute intestinal amebiasis 2
  • Fusobacterium fusiforme: Vincent's infection 2
  • Severe acne: Adjunctive therapy 2

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (Novel Indication)

The CDC now recommends doxycycline PEP (200 mg within 72 hours after sexual contact) for MSM and transgender women with bacterial STI in past 12 months 3, 1, 4:

  • Reduces syphilis and chlamydia by >70% 4
  • Reduces gonorrhea by approximately 50% 4
  • Does NOT prevent M. genitalium 4

Key Clinical Considerations

Common adverse effects: Photosensitivity, gastrointestinal symptoms, esophageal erosion/ulceration 3, 1, 7

Contraindications: Pregnancy, children under 8 years of age, severe liver dysfunction 1, 7

Pharmacokinetics: 75% oral absorption, long half-life (~12 hours) allowing twice-daily dosing, excellent tissue penetration, no renal dose adjustment needed 3, 5, 6, 7

Resistance patterns: Generally low incidence in many regions, but increasing resistance in gonorrhea necessitates culture-guided therapy for many organisms 2, 7

References

Guideline

Doxycycline Coverage and Dosing for Bacterial Infections

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Doxycycline Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for STI Prevention

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Doxycycline in the management of sexually transmitted infections.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2018

Research

Tetracyclines.

The Medical clinics of North America, 1995

Research

[Doxycycline--the forgotten antibiotic].

Medizinische Klinik (Munich, Germany : 1983), 2000

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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