From the Guidelines
Epithelial cells ++ on a film report indicates a moderate increase in epithelial cells, which may suggest contamination, normal shedding, or an inflammatory process, depending on the sample type and clinical context. When considering the implications of such a finding, especially in the context of cervical cytology as discussed in the guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV 1, it's crucial to understand that the presence of epithelial cell abnormalities, including atypical squamous cells, warrants further evaluation. The reporting of Pap tests according to the Bethesda System, which includes a statement on specimen adequacy and a general categorization, is essential for accurate interpretation 1. Key points to consider include:
- The type of epithelial cells (e.g., squamous vs. glandular) can provide clues about the origin and potential significance of the finding.
- The clinical context, such as symptoms, previous history of abnormal Pap tests, or known HPV infection, plays a critical role in determining the next steps.
- The use of liquid-based media in Pap test screening techniques can increase sensitivity and offer the possibility of direct testing for HPV and other STDs on collected specimens 1. Given the potential for epithelial cell abnormalities to indicate significant conditions, it is essential to discuss any findings of epithelial cells ++ with a healthcare provider for appropriate interpretation and follow-up.
From the Research
Epithelial Cells in Urine
- The presence of epithelial cells in urine can be an indicator of various conditions, including kidney damage or disease 2, 3.
- Epithelial cells can be classified into different types, such as renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) and urothelial cells, each with distinct characteristics and implications for diagnosis and treatment 4, 5.
Diagnostic Significance
- The detection of epithelial cells in urine can be a valuable non-invasive diagnostic tool for assessing kidney function and disease activity 3.
- The presence of RTECs or renal tubular epithelial cell casts in urine sediment has been associated with more severe kidney injury and worse renal outcomes in patients with diabetic nephropathy 2.
- Epithelial cells in urine can also be used to monitor disease progression and response to treatment 3.
Culture and Analysis
- Epithelial cells can be cultured from urine samples, providing a useful tool for in vitro studies and research 4, 5.
- The growth properties and keratin staining of epithelial cells cultured from urine can be used to identify and characterize different cell types 5.
- The analysis of epithelial cells in urine can also provide information on the origin and nature of the cells, helping to inform diagnosis and treatment decisions 4.