What is the most likely diagnosis for a 3-month-old infant with noisy breathing since birth that changes with positioning, improving in the prone position and worsening in the supine position?

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Laryngomalacia

The most likely diagnosis is B. Laryngomalacia, which classically presents with positional stridor that improves prone and worsens supine, beginning in the first weeks of life in an otherwise thriving infant.

Clinical Presentation

The key diagnostic features in this case point definitively to laryngomalacia:

  • Positional stridor that improves in prone position and worsens supine is pathognomonic for laryngomalacia, as the supraglottic structures collapse more readily when gravity pulls them posteriorly in the supine position 1, 2

  • Onset within first 2 weeks of life is typical, with stridor usually noticed by 14 days of age 1, 2

  • Normal examination and growth parameters indicate this is uncomplicated laryngomalacia, which occurs in approximately 80-85% of cases 3

  • High-pitched inspiratory stridor results from turbulent airflow through the partially collapsed supraglottic structures during inspiration 1, 2

Why Other Diagnoses Are Unlikely

Nasal atresia (Option A) would present with immediate respiratory distress at birth, cyanosis relieved by crying, and inability to pass a nasogastric tube—none of which are described here.

Subglottic stenosis (Option C) typically causes biphasic stridor that does NOT improve with positioning changes and often presents with more severe respiratory distress 2.

Vocal cord paralysis (Option D) produces stridor that is not position-dependent and would be evident on examination as a weak cry or voice changes 2.

Natural History and Management

  • Spontaneous resolution occurs in most cases by 12-24 months of age, even in children with multiple congenital anomalies 3

  • Conservative management with observation and weight monitoring is appropriate for uncomplicated cases like this one 1, 2

  • Surgical intervention (supraglottoplasty) is only needed in 15-20% of cases presenting with severe symptoms: poor weight gain, severe dyspnea with intercostal retractions, obstructive sleep apnea, or feeding difficulties 1, 2, 3

Important Clinical Caveat

While prone positioning improves the stridor in laryngomalacia, infants must still be placed supine for all sleep periods to reduce SIDS risk, as the AAP guidelines clearly state that prone positioning can only be considered in rare cases where the risk of death from airway compromise outweighs SIDS risk 4. This infant's normal growth parameters and lack of severe symptoms indicate supine sleeping remains appropriate.

References

Research

Pathophysiology and diagnostic approach to laryngomalacia in infants.

European annals of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck diseases, 2012

Research

Laryngomalacia and its treatment.

The Laryngoscope, 1999

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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