From the Research
The human brain is a complex organ divided into several major regions, each with specific functions, as described in the most recent study on the topic 1. The cerebrum, the largest part, consists of two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum and is responsible for higher functions like thinking, memory, and sensory processing. The cerebral cortex forms the outer layer of the cerebrum and is divided into four lobes:
- frontal (decision-making, personality),
- parietal (sensory processing),
- temporal (hearing, language), and
- occipital (vision). Beneath the cerebrum lies the cerebellum, which coordinates movement and balance. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate, consisting of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The diencephalon, located centrally, contains the thalamus (sensory relay) and hypothalamus (homeostasis). The limbic system, including structures like the amygdala and hippocampus, regulates emotions and memory formation, as discussed in the context of neurodegenerative diseases 1. The brain is protected by three layers of membranes called meninges and is bathed in cerebrospinal fluid, which provides cushioning and nutrients. Blood supply comes primarily from the circle of Willis, ensuring constant oxygen and glucose delivery to this metabolically demanding organ. While studies like 2, 3, and 4 provide insights into specific aspects of brain function and treatment of conditions like traumatic brain injury and ischemic stroke, the most comprehensive and recent overview of brain anatomy and function is provided by 1. Additionally, older studies like 5 offer historical context on the treatment of ischemic stroke but do not supersede the anatomical descriptions provided in more recent research. Therefore, the anatomy of the brain is best understood through the most recent and comprehensive studies, such as 1.