From the Guidelines
The most common causes of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) include malignancies, central nervous system disorders, pulmonary conditions, medications, and post-surgical states. According to the provided evidence, SIADH can occur in infants with chronic lung disease of infancy (CLDI) 1. The study highlights the interactions between organ systems in infants with CLDI, including the pulmonary and renal systems, which can lead to SIADH 1. Some key points to consider when evaluating the causes of SIADH include:
- Malignancies, such as small cell lung cancer, can cause SIADH 1
- Central nervous system disorders, including stroke, hemorrhage, infection, or trauma, are also common causes 1
- Pulmonary conditions, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and asthma, can lead to SIADH 1
- Certain medications, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants, can cause SIADH 1
- Post-surgical states can also lead to SIADH 1 It is essential to identify and treat the underlying cause of SIADH to manage the condition effectively 1.
From the Research
Common Causes of SIADH
The Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) can be caused by various conditions, including:
- Malignant tumors, with small cell lung cancer being a common cause 2, 3, 4, 5
- Central nervous system disorders, such as traumatic brain injury 6
- Intrathoracic disorders, including infections and positive pressure ventilation 5
- Pharmaceutical agents, such as vincristine, vinblastine, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, and melphalan 5
- Other conditions, including head and neck cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, and hematologic malignancies 5
Prevalence of SIADH in Different Conditions
The prevalence of SIADH varies in different conditions, with:
- Small cell lung cancer having a high prevalence of 15% 3, 5
- Non-small-cell lung cancer having a lower prevalence of 0.7% 5
- Head and neck cancer having a prevalence of 3% 5
- Traumatic brain injury being a rare cause of chronic SIADH 6
Clinical Presentation of SIADH
The clinical presentation of SIADH includes:
- Hyponatremia with corresponding hypo-osmolality of the serum and extracellular fluid 2, 3, 4, 5
- Continued renal excretion of sodium 2, 3, 4, 5
- Absence of clinical evidence of fluid volume depletion 2, 3, 4, 5
- Osmolality of the urine greater than that appropriate for the concomitant osmolality of the plasma 2, 3, 4, 5