From the Guidelines

Sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment involve a multifaceted approach, focusing on nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle modifications.

Diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia include loss of muscle mass, strength, and function, which can be estimated using techniques such as dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bio-electric impedance analysis (BIA), or computed tomography (CT) scanning 1.
Reduced muscle mass can be indicated by an appendicular skeletal muscle mass index <7.26 kg/m2 (men) and <5.5 kg/m2 (women) 1.
Practical diagnostic cut-offs for gait speed are considered to be: <0.8 m/s or <1.0 m/s, and reduced muscle strength may be measured by handgrip strength, with suggested cut-off points of <20 kg for women and <30 kg for men 1.

Nutrition plays a crucial role in preventing or delaying the onset of sarcopenia, with adequate protein intake, particularly from high-quality sources, being essential for maintaining muscle mass and function 1.
Exercise programs, including aerobic, weight-bearing, and resistance training, can help manage frailty and sarcopenia in older adults with diabetes 1.
Vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids may also help prevent or slow down sarcopenia, with studies showing improved muscle mass, strength, and function in older adults who consume these nutrients 1.
A healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole foods can also support muscle health and overall well-being in older adults 1.
Lifestyle modifications, such as regular physical activity and social engagement, can also help prevent or delay the onset of sarcopenia and frailty 1.

From the Research

Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, significantly impacting overall health and quality of life in older adults 2
The condition involves quantitative and qualitative losses of skeletal muscle, which should be considered when designing and testing preventive and therapeutic interventions 3
Sarcopenia can be diagnosed using various methods, including screening and diagnostic tools, such as calf circumference measurement, the SARC-F questionnaire, handgrip strength, and the 5-time chair stand test 4

Resistance training and adequate protein intake remain the cornerstone of sarcopenia management 2
Emerging strategies include targeting muscle regeneration through myosatellite cell activation, signaling pathways, and chronic inflammation control, as well as gene editing, stem cell therapy, and microRNA modulation 2
Nutritional strategies, such as leucine supplementation and anti-inflammatory nutrients, along with dietary modifications and probiotics targeting the muscle-microbiome interplay, are discussed as potential treatment options 2, 4
Exercise and nutrition are essential for sarcopenia management, with a focus on progressive resistance training and increased protein intake 4
Many guidelines recommend that older people should consume at least 1.2 g of proteins/kg/d, and that leucine, a branched-chain amino acid, is essential for protein synthesis in muscle 4

Lifestyle interventions, including physical activity and nutrition, are recommended for the management of sarcopenia 4
Structured physical activities, such as progressive resistance training and aerobic activities, can prevent muscle loss and improve muscle performance 5
Hydration and muscle-water balance are emphasized as critical in maintaining muscle health in older adults 2
Education on the need to increase protein intake and engage in regular physical activity is essential for older adults with sarcopenia 4