What classes of antibiotics are metronidazole and gentamicin?

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Antibiotic Classes: Metronidazole and Gentamicin

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic, and gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. 1, 2

Metronidazole: Nitroimidazole Class

Metronidazole belongs to the nitroimidazole class of antimicrobials, which are synthetic agents with a unique mechanism of action. 1, 3

  • Mechanism: Nitroimidazoles work through toxic metabolites that cause DNA strand breakage, making them bactericidal against susceptible organisms. 4

  • Spectrum of activity: Metronidazole has a limited but highly specific spectrum encompassing anaerobic bacteria (both Gram-negative and Gram-positive) and certain protozoa including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Trichomonas vaginalis. 5

  • Key anaerobic coverage: It is highly effective against Gram-negative anaerobes (Bacteroides and Fusobacterium species) and most Gram-positive anaerobes (Peptostreptococcus and Clostridium species), though resistance is more common in the latter. 5

  • Clinical positioning: Metronidazole is considered the "gold standard" antibiotic for anaerobic infections and is the only agent rapidly bactericidal against the Bacteroides fragilis group. 3, 5

Gentamicin: Aminoglycoside Class

Gentamicin is a water-soluble aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Micromonospora purpurea. 2

  • Clinical use in combination therapy: Guidelines consistently recommend gentamicin as part of combination regimens for intra-abdominal infections, typically paired with metronidazole or ampicillin to provide coverage against aerobic Gram-negative bacteria while metronidazole covers anaerobes. 6

  • Dosing: Current guidelines recommend gentamicin 5-7 mg/kg IV once daily for adults, with serum drug-concentration monitoring for dosage individualization. 6, 7

  • Important safety consideration: Aminoglycosides should be administered after fluid resuscitation to restore adequate visceral perfusion and reduce nephrotoxicity risk. 7

  • Positioning in guidelines: Gentamicin appears as a second-line option for surgical prophylaxis and as part of combination therapy for severe intra-abdominal infections, particularly in settings with high quinolone resistance. 6

References

Research

Metronidazole.

Mayo Clinic proceedings, 1983

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Intra-Abdominal Infections Treatment Guidelines

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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