What are the treatment options for a Visine (tetrahydrozoline) overdose?

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Visine (Tetrahydrozoline) Overdose Management

Immediately secure the airway, establish IV access, and initiate continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring, as tetrahydrozoline overdose causes life-threatening bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, and altered mental status through central alpha-2 adrenergic receptor activation. 1, 2, 3

Initial Resuscitation and Stabilization

  • Airway management is the first priority: Assess for respiratory depression and provide bag-mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation as needed, since tetrahydrozoline causes central nervous system and respiratory depression 1, 4, 5

  • Establish IV access immediately and perform bedside glucose testing to exclude hypoglycemia as a cause of altered mental status 6

  • Initiate continuous cardiac monitoring: Tetrahydrozoline causes bradycardia, complete heart block, QT prolongation, and hypotension that can persist for 24-36 hours 3, 7

Specific Clinical Manifestations to Anticipate

  • Cardiovascular effects: Expect bradycardia (potentially requiring atropine), hypotension, complete atrioventricular block, and QT prolongation 3, 4, 5

  • Neurological effects: Altered mental status, unconsciousness, and miosis are common presentations 4, 5

  • Hypothermia: This can persist for approximately 24 hours and requires passive warming measures 4

  • Respiratory depression: Irregular and superficial breathing patterns may necessitate mechanical ventilation 4

Treatment Approach

  • Atropine for symptomatic bradycardia: Administer 0.5-1.0 mg IV every 3-5 minutes as needed for hemodynamically significant bradycardia 1, 4

  • Supportive care is the mainstay: There is no specific antidote for tetrahydrozoline overdose 1, 8

  • Do NOT administer flumazenil or naloxone: These agents have no role in tetrahydrozoline toxicity and will not reverse the effects 1, 8, 6

Critical Monitoring Parameters

  • Continuous cardiac monitoring until complete symptom resolution: Cardiovascular effects can persist for 36+ hours 3, 7

  • Serial ECGs: Monitor for complete heart block, first-degree AV block, and QT prolongation 3

  • Vital signs monitoring: Track blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature closely 4, 5

  • Mental status assessments: Document level of consciousness and neurological status serially 4, 5

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

  • Do not assume naloxone will help: Tetrahydrozoline is not an opioid despite causing similar CNS depression and miosis 1, 6

  • Do not discharge prematurely: Symptoms can persist or worsen over 24-36 hours, requiring extended observation 3, 7

  • Consider co-ingestions: Always evaluate for other substances that may require specific antidotes 8

  • Do not overlook intentional ingestion: Cases of suicide attempts and drug-facilitated assault have been reported, requiring psychiatric evaluation and forensic consideration 3, 9

Disposition

  • Admit to intensive care unit: All symptomatic patients require ICU-level monitoring given the risk of complete heart block, respiratory failure, and prolonged cardiovascular effects 4, 7

  • Minimum observation period: Continue monitoring until all sympathomimetic symptoms completely resolve and vital signs normalize for at least 24 hours 6, 7

  • Psychiatric evaluation mandatory: Required before discharge for intentional ingestions to assess suicide risk 6, 3

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Visine overdose: case report of an adult with hemodynamic compromise.

The Journal of emergency medicine, 1995

Guideline

Management of Mephedrone Overdose

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Management of Oxcarbazepine Overdose

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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