From the Guidelines
A mosquito bite is characterized by a raised, round or oval-shaped wheal with a central punctum, surrounded by erythema and pruritus, as a result of the body's immune response to mosquito saliva proteins. The reaction typically starts with a small papule, 2-10mm in diameter, that develops within minutes of the bite, and may progress to increased swelling, intense itching, and occasionally vesicle or bullae formation in sensitive individuals 1. Key characteristics of a mosquito bite include:
- A raised, round or oval-shaped wheal
- Central punctum where the mosquito inserted its proboscis
- Erythema (redness) and pruritus (itching) in the surrounding area
- Initial papule measuring 2-10mm in diameter
- Potential for increased swelling, intense itching, and vesicle or bullae formation in some individuals. The inflammatory response from a mosquito bite typically peaks within 24-48 hours and resolves over several days, but can be complicated by secondary bacterial infection if scratched, leading to increased redness, warmth, pain, and possible purulence 1. Treatment options, as supported by clinical trials, include oral antihistamines and topical corticosteroids for local itching, as well as oral over-the-counter analgesic agents such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen for pain, and topical ice or cold packs for swelling and pain 1.
From the Research
Dermatological Description of Mosquito Bite
- A mosquito bite typically causes a localized skin reaction, which can range from wheals and papules to rare systemic reactions and anaphylaxis in certain populations 2.
- The reaction is characterized by the introduction of mosquito saliva components into the cutaneous tissue, leading to the release of histamine and other mediators such as tryptase and leukotrienes, which cause itch and inflammation 2.
- The size of the bite lesions and the intensity of pruritus can vary, with some individuals experiencing more severe reactions due to genetic predisposition or underlying medical conditions such as hematologic cancers or HIV 2.
- The dermatological description of a mosquito bite can include:
- Treatment of mosquito bite reactions typically consists of second-generation antihistamines, such as levocetirizine, which can decrease the size of wheals and accompanying pruritus by 60% and 62%, respectively 3.
- Topical corticosteroids may also be used to reduce inflammation and itching 2.
- Prevention of mosquito bites is key, and can be achieved through the use of physical barriers, such as protective clothing and insecticide-treated bed nets, or chemical repellents, such as DEET, picaridin, and IR3535 4, 5.