What is the comprehensive workup for infertility in both males and females?

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Last updated: January 11, 2026View editorial policy

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Comprehensive Infertility Workup for Males and Females

Initial Approach

Both partners must undergo concurrent evaluation from the outset—this is non-negotiable, as male factors directly contribute to 40-50% of infertility cases. 1, 2

Begin evaluation after 12 months of unprotected intercourse in women under 35 years, after 6 months in women 35 years or older, and immediately in women over 40 years or those with known fertility-impairing conditions. 2, 3


Male Partner Workup

Essential History Components 1, 2

  • Reproductive history: Coital frequency/timing, prior fertility, duration of current infertility
  • Childhood illnesses: Cryptorchidism, mumps orchitis, delayed puberty
  • Systemic medical conditions: Diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cancer history
  • Surgical history: Hernia repairs, orchiopexy, vasectomy
  • Sexual function: Erectile or ejaculatory dysfunction
  • Gonadotoxin exposures: Anabolic steroids, chemotherapy, radiation, heat exposure (saunas, hot tubs), occupational chemicals
  • Medications: Testosterone replacement, finasteride, calcium channel blockers, SSRIs
  • Family history: Genetic conditions, consanguinity

Physical Examination 1, 2

  • Penis: Hypospadias, urethral meatus location
  • Testicular assessment: Measure volume (normal >15 mL), palpate for masses or atrophy 4
  • Vas deferens and epididymides: Presence, consistency, nodularity
  • Varicocele: Palpate with Valsalva maneuver (present in standing position)
  • Secondary sex characteristics: Body habitus, gynecomastia, hair distribution
  • Digital rectal examination: Prostate size and consistency

Laboratory Testing

Semen Analysis (First-Line Test) 1, 2

  • Order at least two analyses performed at least one month apart 5, 2
  • Collect after 2-3 days of abstinence 4, 2
  • Examine within one hour at room/body temperature 2
  • Assess: volume, pH, concentration, motility, morphology 4

Hormonal Evaluation (Selective Indications) 2

  • Order only when:
    • Sperm concentration <10 million/mL 5, 2
    • Azoospermia confirmed 2
    • Impaired sexual function present 2
    • Physical examination suggests endocrinopathy 2
  • Include: Total testosterone, FSH, LH 6

Genetic Testing (Mandatory in Specific Cases) 5, 2

  • Karyotype and Y-chromosome microdeletion analysis required before ICSI for:
    • Azoospermia 5, 2
    • Severe oligospermia (<5 million/mL) 5, 2
    • Congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens 2

Imaging Studies

Scrotal Ultrasonography (Selective Indications) 2

  • Physical examination difficult or inadequate
  • Suspected testicular mass
  • Confirmed azoospermia

Female Partner Workup

Essential History Components 2, 3

  • Reproductive history: Duration attempting pregnancy, previous pregnancies/outcomes, pregnancy complications
  • Menstrual history: Cycle length, regularity, dysmenorrhea, intermenstrual bleeding
  • Medical conditions: Thyroid dysfunction, PCOS, endometriosis, diabetes, autoimmune disorders 5
  • Surgical history: Pelvic surgeries, appendectomy, ovarian cystectomy
  • Medications and allergies: Current medications affecting fertility
  • Lifestyle factors: Tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs, exercise patterns, diet
  • Sexual history: Dyspareunia, postcoital bleeding

Physical Examination 4, 2

  • General: Height, weight, BMI calculation (obesity affects ovulation) 7
  • Thyroid examination: Palpate for enlargement or nodules 5
  • Breast examination: Galactorrhea (suggests hyperprolactinemia)
  • Signs of androgen excess: Hirsutism, acne, male-pattern baldness
  • Pelvic examination:
    • Vaginal/cervical abnormalities
    • Uterine size, shape, position, mobility
    • Adnexal masses or tenderness
    • Evidence of endometriosis (nodularity, fixed uterus)

Laboratory and Imaging Tests 2, 3

Ovarian Reserve Testing

  • Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) or
  • Day 3 FSH and estradiol

Ovulation Assessment

  • Mid-luteal progesterone (day 21 of 28-day cycle)
  • Consider thyroid function tests (TSH) 5

Structural Evaluation

  • Transvaginal ultrasound: Uterine anatomy, endometrial thickness, ovarian morphology, antral follicle count 2
  • Hysterosalpingography or saline infusion sonography: Tubal patency and uterine cavity assessment 7, 3
  • Laparoscopy: Reserved for suspected endometriosis or pelvic adhesions when other tests inconclusive 7

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

  • Never evaluate only one partner—simultaneous evaluation is mandatory 4, 2
  • Never rely on a single semen analysis—at least two samples one month apart are required 5, 2
  • Do not delay male evaluation—this wastes time and resources 2
  • Do not order routine hormonal testing or imaging for all infertile men—use stepwise approach based on semen analysis and physical examination findings 2
  • Do not miss significant medical conditions—men with abnormal semen parameters have higher rates of testicular cancer and overall mortality 1, 5
  • Do not overlook genetic implications—genetic causes affect treatment success and offspring health if ART is utilized 2

Referral Criteria

Male Reproductive Specialist 1, 5

  • Any abnormal semen parameters
  • Azoospermia or severe oligospermia
  • Failed ART cycles or recurrent pregnancy losses (≥2 losses) 1

Reproductive Endocrinologist

  • Anovulation or ovulatory dysfunction
  • Diminished ovarian reserve
  • Tubal factor infertility
  • Unexplained infertility after complete workup 3

Health Implications Beyond Fertility

Over 50% of male infertility cases stem from specific medical conditions with health implications beyond fertility, making thorough evaluation critical for the patient's overall health. 5, 4 Men with abnormal semen parameters have significantly higher rates of testicular cancer, and azoospermic men have elevated cancer risk in general. 1, 5 This makes the infertility evaluation an important health screening opportunity that should not be missed.

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Initial Fertility Workup

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Evaluation and Treatment of Secondary Infertility

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Evaluation and Management of Infertility

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Infertility: Evaluation and Management.

American family physician, 2023

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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