What are the ocular alterations caused by Herpes Zoster (HZ) ophthalmicus?

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Alteraciones Oculares del Herpes Zoster Oftálmico

El herpes zoster oftálmico causa un espectro amplio de complicaciones oculares que incluyen conjuntivitis, queratitis (epitelial y estromal), uveítis, atrofia sectorial del iris, glaucoma secundario, y en casos severos, necrosis retiniana aguda, con secuelas tardías como ojo seco y queratitis neurotrófica por anestesia corneal. 1

Manifestaciones Oculares Agudas

Afectación del Segmento Anterior

Conjuntivitis y Lesiones Superficiales:

  • Inyección conjuntival bulbar con descarga acuosa y reacción folicular leve 1
  • Vesículas en el limbo esclerocorneal, especialmente en infección primaria (varicela) 1
  • Úlceras en los márgenes palpebrales con necrosis y cicatrización 1
  • Adenopatía preauricular palpable 1

Queratitis:

  • Queratitis epitelial pseudodendrítica pleomórfica o no excavada (diferente del HSV) 1
  • Queratitis estromal que puede progresar a cicatrización corneal 1
  • Queratitis punctata epitelial multifocal 1
  • Vascularización corneal 1

Uveítis e Inflamación Intraocular:

  • Iritis/uveítis anterior 1
  • Panuveítis en casos severos 2
  • Atrofia sectorial del iris 1
  • Glaucoma secundario 1

Afectación del Segmento Posterior

Complicaciones Retinianas (Menos Frecuentes pero Graves):

  • Necrosis retiniana aguda (ARN) 2
  • Necrosis retiniana externa progresiva (PORN) 2
  • Retinitis 1

Secuelas Crónicas y Tardías

Complicaciones a Largo Plazo:

  • Anestesia corneal con queratitis neurotrófica 1
  • Ojo seco crónico 1
  • Cicatrización corneal permanente 1
  • Inflamación ocular crónica o recurrente (hasta 25% de pacientes con enfermedad ocular desarrollan enfermedad crónica o recurrente) 3

Complicaciones Palpebrales y Perioculares:

  • Cicatrización conjuntival severa por infección bacteriana secundaria 1
  • Ectropión cicatricial 1
  • Necrosis y cicatrización de vesículas en márgenes palpebrales 1

Características Distintivas del Diagnóstico

Signos Patognomónicos:

  • Erupción vesicular dermatómica o ulceración de párpados 1
  • Queratitis epitelial pseudodendrítica pleomórfica o no excavada de córnea o conjuntiva (diferente de las dendritas excavadas del HSV) 1
  • Distribución unilateral siguiendo la rama oftálmica del nervio trigémino 4, 2, 5

Consideraciones Pronósticas

Factores de Riesgo para Complicaciones Severas:

  • Aproximadamente 50% de pacientes con herpes zoster oftálmico desarrollan enfermedad ocular 3
  • Hasta 25% de aquellos con enfermedad ocular desarrollan enfermedad crónica o recurrente 3
  • El compromiso ocular puede resultar en pérdida visual permanente si no se trata oportunamente 4, 2, 3

Importancia del Tratamiento Temprano:

  • Los antivirales orales son más efectivos cuando se inician dentro de las 72 horas del inicio de la erupción cutánea 4, 2, 3
  • La consulta oftalmológica urgente es crítica cuando hay compromiso ocular para limitar la morbilidad visual 4, 2, 3

Trampas Clínicas Comunes

Errores a Evitar:

  • Los antivirales tópicos solos no han demostrado ser útiles en el tratamiento de la conjuntivitis por VZV, pero pueden usarse como tratamiento aditivo en pacientes que no responden 1
  • La infección bacteriana secundaria de las vesículas puede causar cicatrización severa, por lo que se recomienda antibióticos tópicos profilácticos 1
  • Los pacientes inmunocomprometidos pueden requerir tratamiento más agresivo 1

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Eye and Periocular Skin Involvement in Herpes Zoster Infection.

Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal, 2015

Research

Evaluation and management of herpes zoster ophthalmicus.

American family physician, 2002

Research

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: A Review for the Internist.

The American journal of medicine, 2017

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This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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