What is the appropriate management for an adult patient with lower abdominal pain and bacteriuria, assuming no significant medical history?

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Penatalaksanaan Bakteriuria dengan Nyeri Perut Bawah

Pasien dengan bakteriuria dan nyeri perut bawah memerlukan evaluasi untuk membedakan antara bakteriuria asimtomatik versus infeksi saluran kemih simtomatik—jika hanya nyeri perut bawah tanpa gejala klasik ISK (disuria, urgensi, frekuensi), maka ini kemungkinan bakteriuria asimtomatik yang TIDAK memerlukan antibiotik.

Algoritma Evaluasi Klinis

Langkah 1: Identifikasi Gejala Klasik ISK

Cari gejala spesifik ISK yang menunjukkan infeksi sejati 1, 2:

  • Disuria (nyeri saat berkemih)
  • Urgensi (desakan berkemih yang tidak tertahankan)
  • Frekuensi (berkemih lebih sering dari biasanya)
  • Nyeri suprapubik yang spesifik terkait berkemih

Peringatan penting: Nyeri perut bawah saja TANPA gejala klasik ISK di atas kemungkinan besar bukan ISK 3.

Langkah 2: Tentukan Status Simtomatik

Jika TIDAK ada gejala klasik ISK (hanya nyeri perut bawah):

Ini adalah bakteriuria asimtomatik—JANGAN berikan antibiotik 4, 5. Pedoman IDSA 2019 memberikan rekomendasi kuat untuk tidak mengobati bakteriuria asimtomatik karena 3:

  • Tidak ada manfaat klinis (mortalitas sama: 0% vs 4.2%, P=0.36)
  • Meningkatkan risiko diare terkait antibiotik dan infeksi Clostridioides difficile (OR 2.45)
  • Meningkatkan resistensi antimikroba
  • Dapat menyebabkan hasil fungsional yang lebih buruk (adjusted OR 3.45)

Cari penyebab lain nyeri perut bawah seperti masalah ginekologi, gastrointestinal, atau muskuloskeletal 6.

Jika ADA gejala klasik ISK (disuria + urgensi/frekuensi):

Ini adalah sistitis simtomatik—berikan antibiotik 1, 2.

Pilihan Terapi untuk Sistitis Simtomatik

Lini Pertama (pilih salah satu) 1, 2:

  • Nitrofurantoin 100 mg dua kali sehari selama 5 hari
  • Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) dua kali sehari selama 3 hari (hanya jika resistensi lokal <20%) 7, 1
  • Fosfomycin 3 gram dosis tunggal
  • Pivmecillinam selama 5 hari (jika tersedia)

Nitrofurantoin tetap memiliki sensitivitas terbaik terhadap uropatogen meskipun resistensi meningkat terhadap fluorokuinolon dan TMP-SMX 2.

Pengecualian Penting: Kapan Bakteriuria Asimtomatik HARUS Diobati

Hanya dua kondisi yang memerlukan pengobatan bakteriuria asimtomatik 4, 5:

  1. Kehamilan: Skrining dan obati dengan antibiotik 3-7 hari 4
  2. Sebelum prosedur urologi dengan trauma mukosa: Berikan antibiotik 30-60 menit sebelum prosedur 4

Perangkap Klinis yang Harus Dihindari

  • Jangan mengobati berdasarkan piuria saja: Piuria yang menyertai bakteriuria asimtomatik BUKAN indikasi antibiotik 4, 5
  • Jangan mengobati kultur positif tanpa gejala: Ini menyebabkan resistensi antibiotik dan efek samping obat tanpa manfaat 8, 9
  • Jangan asumsikan nyeri perut bawah = ISK: Gejala klasik ISK (disuria, urgensi, frekuensi) harus ada 1, 2
  • Pada pasien dengan kateter: Jangan pernah obati bakteriuria asimtomatik selama kateter masih terpasang 4

Pertimbangan Khusus

Jika Gejala Berat atau Sepsis

Pada pasien dengan presentasi klinis berat yang konsisten dengan sindrom sepsis dan tidak ada sumber infeksi alternatif yang jelas, pemberian antibiotik empiris yang efektif untuk ISK potensial dapat dipertimbangkan sambil menunggu hasil kultur 3.

Jika Diabetes Mellitus

Pasien dengan diabetes yang terkontrol baik TIDAK memerlukan skrining atau pengobatan bakteriuria asimtomatik 3, 5.

References

Research

Diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections across age groups.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2018

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Treatment Guidelines

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2026

Guideline

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Management

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Laparoscopic treatment of appendicovesical fistula.

Yonsei medical journal, 2010

Research

Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015

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Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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