Is it safe to give muscle relaxants to a patient with rhabdomyolysis and potential impaired renal function?

Medical Advisory BoardAll articles are reviewed for accuracy by our Medical Advisory Board
Educational purpose only • Exercise caution as content is pending human review
Article Review Status
Submitted
Under Review
Approved

Last updated: January 20, 2026View editorial policy

Personalize

Help us tailor your experience

Which best describes you? Your choice helps us use language that's most understandable for you.

Muscle Relaxants in Rhabdomyolysis: Absolute Contraindication

Do not give muscle relaxants, particularly succinylcholine, to patients with rhabdomyolysis—this is an absolute contraindication that can cause life-threatening hyperkalemia and worsen muscle injury. 1

Why Muscle Relaxants Are Dangerous in Rhabdomyolysis

Succinylcholine: Absolutely Contraindicated

  • Succinylcholine is contraindicated in all cases of primary muscle damage, including rhabdomyolysis, because it induces generalized muscle contraction that worsens rhabdomyolysis and causes life-threatening hyperkalemia. 1

  • The mechanism involves depolarization of already-damaged muscle membranes with massive potassium efflux from injured myocytes—essentially adding insult to injury in muscles that are already releasing their intracellular contents. 1

  • This contraindication applies to any condition causing muscle membrane damage or receptor upregulation, which is definitionally present in rhabdomyolysis. 1

  • The American Academy of Pediatrics and other medical societies recommend avoiding succinylcholine in patients with primary muscle damage due to the high risk of hyperkalemia. 2

Non-Depolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Also Problematic

  • Patients with muscle damage demonstrate very significant increases in sensitivity to all non-depolarizing agents, requiring substantial dose reductions of 50-75%. 1

  • Rocuronium shows significantly increased sensitivity in patients with primary muscle damage, with prolonged onset and recovery times. 1

  • The risk-benefit calculation heavily favors avoiding muscle relaxants entirely unless the patient requires emergency surgery or intubation where alternatives are not feasible. 1

If Neuromuscular Blockade Is Absolutely Unavoidable

Agent Selection (Only in Life-Threatening Emergency)

  • Use benzylisoquinoline muscle relaxants (atracurium or cisatracurium) as they have organ-independent elimination and are safer in the setting of muscle damage. 1

  • Reduce doses by 50-75% from standard dosing due to dramatically increased sensitivity. 1

Mandatory Monitoring

  • Neuromuscular blockade monitoring is mandatory when any muscle relaxant is used in patients with muscle disease or damage. 1

  • Train-of-four (TOF) ratio monitoring by EMG should be performed to guide dosing and prevent overdosing. 1

  • If TOF ratio is less than 0.9 before neuromuscular blockade, sensitivity to muscle relaxants is greater and doses must be substantially reduced. 1

Reversal Strategy

  • Sugammadex is the preferred reversal agent for steroidal muscle relaxants in patients with muscle disease, as neostigmine can cause additional complications including effects on muscle action potential and rhythm disturbances. 1

  • Neostigmine and atropine are difficult to manage in primary muscle damage due to drying of secretions, potential cardiac conduction disorders, and central effects. 1

Additional Context on Rhabdomyolysis and Muscle Relaxants

Drug-Induced Rhabdomyolysis Considerations

  • Benzodiazepines and other sedatives have been associated with rhabdomyolysis, particularly in overdose situations or with prolonged immobilization. 3, 4

  • Cyclobenzaprine (a skeletal muscle relaxant) overdose can cause rare but potentially critical manifestations including neuroleptic malignant syndrome, which itself causes severe rhabdomyolysis. 5

Critical Pitfall to Avoid

The most dangerous mistake is assuming that because a patient with rhabdomyolysis needs intubation, standard rapid sequence intubation with succinylcholine is acceptable—it is not. 1 Even in emergency situations, rocuronium at higher doses (≥0.9 mg/kg) should be used instead, accepting the longer duration of action as a necessary trade-off for safety. 2

Monitoring for Complications

  • Close monitoring of serum creatine kinase and potassium is advised to prevent myoglobinuric renal failure and severe dysrhythmias in patients with rhabdomyolysis. 6

  • Adequate hydration, forced diuresis, and urine alkalinization are the cornerstone of treatment for rhabdomyolysis. 6

References

Guideline

Muscle Relaxants in Rhabdomyolysis: Safety and Contraindications

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Succinylcholine Safety After Receptor Upregulation

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Drug induced rhabdomyolysis: case report.

East African medical journal, 1997

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

Have a follow-up question?

Our Medical A.I. is used by practicing medical doctors at top research institutions around the world. Ask any follow up question and get world-class guideline-backed answers instantly.