What are the treatment options for a 40-year-old man with impotence (erectile dysfunction)?

Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in a 40-Year-Old Man

Start oral PDE5 inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, or avanafil) immediately as first-line therapy while simultaneously addressing cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle modifications. 1, 2, 3

Immediate First Steps

Baseline Evaluation Required Before Treatment

• Obtain morning serum total testosterone level before prescribing PDE5 inhibitors, as low testosterone (<230 ng/dL) reduces PDE5 inhibitor efficacy and may require combination therapy 1, 2, 3
• Perform cardiovascular risk stratification because erectile dysfunction precedes coronary artery disease symptoms by 2-5 years and indicates substantially increased cardiovascular mortality risk 2, 3, 4
• Screen for diabetes (fasting glucose, HbA1c), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, as these both cause ED and indicate increased mortality risk 2, 3
• Review all current medications for ED-causing agents: antihypertensives (especially beta-blockers), antidepressants (SSRIs, tricyclics), finasteride, NSAIDs, antiepileptics, and neuroleptics 1, 5, 6

Absolute Contraindications to PDE5 Inhibitors

• Concurrent nitrate use in any form (nitroglycerin tablets, sprays, patches, isosorbide) 1, 3, 4
• Recreational "poppers" (amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite) 3, 4
• Guanylate cyclase stimulators like riociguat 3, 4
• Recent myocardial infarction (within 90 days), unstable angina, uncontrolled arrhythmias, or stroke within 6 months 4

First-Line Treatment Protocol

PDE5 Inhibitor Dosing Strategy

• Start conservatively and titrate to maximum dose over at least 5 separate attempts before declaring treatment failure 1, 3
• Available agents: sildenafil (25-100 mg), tadalafil (5-20 mg), vardenafil (5-20 mg), avanafil (50-200 mg) 1, 3, 4
• Educate that sexual stimulation is required for effectiveness; the medication does not work without arousal 3, 4
• Food and alcohol do not need to be restricted, but excessive alcohol may impair response 4
• Expected success rate: 60-65% of men achieve satisfactory intercourse 1, 3, 4

Concurrent Lifestyle Modifications (Not Sequential)

• Smoking cessation reduces total mortality by 36% in men with coronary disease and improves endothelial function 2, 3
• Weight loss if BMI >30 kg/m² 2, 3
• Increase physical activity and exercise 2, 3
• Reduce alcohol consumption to <14 units/week 2
• Mediterranean diet emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, and limiting red meat 2

Management Based on Underlying Etiology

If Psychogenic Features Present

Psychogenic ED characteristics include sudden onset, early collapse during intercourse, and preserved quality of spontaneous/morning erections 3. Refer to sex therapy or couples counseling concurrently with PDE5 inhibitor initiation, not sequentially 2, 3. Address specific psychiatric conditions: generalized anxiety, depression, substance use disorders 3.

If Low Testosterone Confirmed

For testosterone <230 ng/dL with symptoms: Combine testosterone replacement therapy with PDE5 inhibitors, as this combination is more effective than PDE5 inhibitors alone 1, 2, 3. Testosterone levels 230-350 ng/dL may benefit from replacement if symptomatic 2. Do not prescribe testosterone monotherapy if the patient desires current or future fertility 1, 3.

If Vascular Risk Factors Present

At age 40, vascular causes are common due to focal arterial occlusive disease 6. Optimize blood pressure control, lipid management, and glycemic control in diabetics 2, 3. Consider switching antihypertensives to agents with lower ED risk 3.

Second-Line Therapies (After PDE5 Inhibitor Failure)

Declare PDE5 inhibitor failure only after trials of two different agents at maximum dose on at least 5 separate occasions each 1, 3. Then refer to urology for:

• Intracavernosal injection therapy (alprostadil, papaverine, phentolamine combinations) with in-office test and dose titration required before home use 1, 3
• Intraurethral alprostadil suppositories with in-office test required, success rates 29.5-78.1% 1, 3
• Vacuum erection devices (only those with vacuum limiter), 90% initial efficacy but drops to 50-64% satisfaction at 2 years 1, 3
• Low-intensity shockwave therapy may benefit mild vasculogenic ED 3

Third-Line Therapy

Penile prosthesis implantation is reserved for patients who fail all medical therapies and is associated with high satisfaction rates 1, 3. Never perform surgery in the presence of systemic, cutaneous, or urinary tract infection 1, 3.

Critical Safety Considerations

• If anginal chest pain occurs after taking tadalafil, at least 48 hours must elapse before nitrate administration due to risk of life-threatening hypotension 4
• Active ingredient remains in the body for more than 2 days after a single dose, longer with kidney/liver problems 4
• Stop sexual activity immediately and seek emergency care for chest pain, dizziness, or nausea during sex 4
• ED is an independent cardiovascular risk marker equivalent to cigarette smoking or family history of myocardial infarction; communicate this risk to the patient and primary care provider 2, 3