What is the treatment for coagulase-negative staphylococcus infections in high-risk patients, such as those with compromised immune systems, the elderly, or individuals with medical devices, including antimicrobial therapy and infection control measures?

Treatment of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus Infections in High-Risk Patients

For high-risk patients with coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections, initiate empirical vancomycin therapy and switch to a semisynthetic penicillin if the isolate is susceptible, with treatment duration of 5-7 days if the catheter is removed or 10-14 days with antibiotic lock therapy if retained. 1

Initial Diagnostic Approach

Distinguish true infection from contamination by obtaining blood cultures from both the catheter and a peripheral vein, as coagulase-negative staphylococci are simultaneously the most common blood culture contaminant and the most common cause of catheter-related bloodstream infections. 2 A differential time to positivity ≥2 hours between catheter and peripheral cultures is highly sensitive and specific for catheter-related bacteremia. 2

• Multiple positive blood cultures from different sites strongly indicate true infection rather than contamination 2
• Treatment in response to a single positive blood culture with coagulase-negative staphylococcus should be discouraged if other cultures taken during the same timeframe are negative 1

Empirical Antibiotic Selection

Start with vancomycin empirically in hospitals with increased incidence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci, given its activity against both coagulase-negative staphylococci and S. aureus. 1

• Switch to semisynthetic penicillin (nafcillin or oxacillin) if the isolate proves susceptible 1
• Combination therapy with vancomycin plus gentamicin or rifampin is not recommended for routine therapy 1
• For severely ill or immunocompromised patients with suspected catheter-related bloodstream infection, add empirical coverage for enteric gram-negative bacilli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a third- or fourth-generation cephalosporin (ceftazidime or cefepime) 1

Catheter Management Decision Algorithm

Remove the catheter if:

• Severe sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome is present 2
• Suppurative thrombophlebitis or endocarditis is suspected 2
• Subcutaneous tunnel or periport infection exists 1
• Septic emboli are present 1
• Hypotension is associated with catheter use 1
• The catheter is nonpatent 1
• Persistent fever, persistent positive blood cultures, or relapse occurs after antibiotics are discontinued 1
• No response to antibiotics is apparent after 2-3 days of therapy 1

Attempt catheter salvage if:

• The patient is clinically stable without systemic toxicity 2
• No tunnel or pocket infection is present 2
• Uncomplicated catheter-related bloodstream infection exists 1

Treatment Duration Based on Catheter Management

If catheter is removed:

Treat with systemic antibiotics for 5-7 days for uncomplicated coagulase-negative staphylococcal infection 1, 2

If catheter is retained:

For nontunneled catheters with suspected intraluminal infection:

• Systemic antibiotic therapy for 10-14 days 1
• Add antibiotic lock therapy 1

For tunneled catheters or implantable devices:

• Systemic antibiotic therapy for 7 days 1
• Antibiotic lock therapy for 14 days 1, 2

Special Populations and Considerations

Neutropenic Patients

• Vancomycin is not routinely needed at fever onset in neutropenic patients, as coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia rarely causes rapid deterioration 3
• Vascular access devices may be left in place during antibiotic treatment for most patients, even with catheter-related bacteremia, unless tunnel infection has become established 1
• Catheter retention was successful in 93% of adult neutropenic cases when treated appropriately, though retention is a significant risk factor for recurrence 2

Elderly and Immunocompromised Patients

• Most patients with coagulase-negative staphylococcal catheter-related infections have a benign clinical course, though frank sepsis with poor outcomes rarely occurs 1
• Initial intravenous therapy is required, but once the patient's condition has stabilized and antibiotic susceptibilities are known, oral quinolones (ciprofloxacin), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or linezolid may be administered due to excellent oral bioavailability 1

Patients with Medical Devices

• Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the most common cause of catheter-related infections and predominantly manifest with fever alone or fever with inflammation at the catheter exit site 1
• Antibiotic lock therapy should be selected based on high likelihood of intraluminal infection 1
• Two weeks of antibiotic lock therapy alone may be as effective for intraluminal infection as a few days of systemic therapy followed by 2 weeks of antibiotic lock therapy 1

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

• Do not use systemic or local prophylaxis (including antibiotic lock) for infection or colonization of indwelling central or peripheral intravascular catheters 1
• Do not treat asymptomatic bacteriuria with coagulase-negative staphylococci, as this promotes antibiotic resistance without clinical benefit 3
• Do not use vancomycin for routine surgical prophylaxis except in patients with life-threatening beta-lactam allergies 1
• Do not continue empiric vancomycin for presumed infections in patients whose cultures are negative for beta-lactam-resistant gram-positive microorganisms 1

Antimicrobial Resistance Considerations

• Most coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates have the mecA gene and exhibit beta-lactam resistance 4
• Methicillin resistance is common among coagulase-negative staphylococci, necessitating antimicrobial susceptibility testing when treatment is pursued 3
• Linezolid shows high susceptibility (84%) and may serve as an alternative therapy in multidrug-resistant cases 5
• Complete resistance to penicillin is typical, highlighting the need for alternative therapies 5