Is phenytoin (fenitoin) a suitable treatment option for a patient experiencing myoclonic jerks?

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Fenitoin (Phenytoin) TIDAK Direkomendasikan untuk Myoclonic Jerks

Phenytoin tidak boleh digunakan untuk mengobati myoclonic jerks karena obat ini dapat memperburuk kejang mioklonik dan bahkan dapat memicu status mioklonik. 1, 2, 3

Mengapa Phenytoin Kontraindikasi

  • Phenytoin memiliki efek memperburuk myoclonic jerks yang telah terdokumentasi dengan baik, terutama pada pasien dengan juvenile myoclonic epilepsy dan epilepsi umum idiopatik lainnya. 2, 3

  • Dalam studi retrospektif terhadap 170 pasien dengan juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 16 pasien yang menerima phenytoin mengalami perburukan gejala pada 38% kasus, dengan hanya 12% yang membaik. 3

  • Carbamazepine dan phenytoin secara khusus disebutkan sebagai obat yang harus dihindari karena dapat memperburuk absence seizures dan myoclonus. 2, 4

  • Phenytoin dapat menyebabkan peningkatan myoclonic jerks sebagai manifestasi utama dari perburukan klinis. 3

Pilihan Pengobatan yang Tepat untuk Myoclonic Jerks

Lini Pertama (Pilihan Utama)

  • Levetiracetam adalah agen pilihan pertama yang direkomendasikan oleh American Academy of Neurology, dimulai dengan dosis 500 mg dua kali sehari dan ditingkatkan 1000 mg/hari setiap 2 minggu hingga dosis target 3000 mg/hari (1500 mg dua kali sehari). 5

  • Sodium valproate adalah terapi lini pertama yang sama efektifnya, terutama untuk cortical myoclonus, meskipun memerlukan monitoring hepatotoksisitas. 5, 1, 2

  • Clonazepam merupakan pilihan lini pertama ketiga, yang dapat membantu semua jenis myoclonus (kortikal, subkortikal, batang otak, dan spinal). 5, 1

Pertimbangan Khusus: Myoclonus Pasca-Anoksia

  • Untuk post-anoxic myoclonus (seperti setelah cardiac arrest), propofol sangat efektif sebagai agen lini pertama untuk menekan mioklonus dan aktivitas epileptiform pada EEG. 6

  • Valproate, levetiracetam, dan clonazepam juga efektif untuk myoclonus pasca-anoksia. 6

  • Phenytoin sering tidak efektif untuk mioklonus pasca-anoksia dan tidak boleh dianggap sebagai agen lini pertama. 6

Pertimbangan Khusus: Myoclonus Akibat Opioid

  • Jika pasien menggunakan terapi opioid kronis, tinjau daftar obat segera untuk mengidentifikasi myoclonus yang diinduksi obat, karena ini dapat reversibel dengan pengurangan dosis atau rotasi opioid. 5, 7

  • Rotasi opioid atau pengurangan dosis adalah intervensi primer jika pasien mengalami myoclonic jerks saat terapi opioid. 5

Peringatan Penting

  • Hindari phenytoin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, gabapentin, pregabalin, tiagabine, dan vigabatrin karena dapat memperburuk kejang mioklonik. 2, 4

  • Phenytoin hanya efektif untuk generalized tonic-clonic seizures dan partial seizures, bukan untuk myoclonic seizures. 8

  • Penggunaan jangka panjang phenytoin dapat menyebabkan phenytoin encephalopathy dengan gangguan kognitif dan sindrom serebelar. 8

References

Research

Update on pharmacotherapy of myoclonic seizures.

Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2017

Research

Treatment options in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.

Current treatment options in neurology, 2011

Guideline

Treatment of Myoclonic Jerks in Long-Term Care Residents

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Tratamento do Estado Mioclônico Pós-Anóxico

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Myoclonic Jerks: Etiologies and Diagnostic Considerations

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2026

Research

Phenytoin: effective but insidious therapy for epilepsy in people with intellectual disability.

Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR, 1998

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Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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