What is the appropriate management for an adult patient with mildly elevated blood pressure (hypertension), specifically 138/92 mmHg, and no known history of hypertension or cardiovascular disease?

Management of Blood Pressure 138/92 mmHg in Adult Without Known Hypertension

For a patient with BP 138/92 mmHg and no known cardiovascular disease or hypertension, initiate intensive lifestyle modifications immediately and confirm the diagnosis with repeat measurements before starting pharmacological therapy. 1, 2

Step 1: Confirm the Diagnosis

• Repeat blood pressure measurements on at least 2-3 separate occasions using proper technique: seated position, feet flat on floor, arm supported at heart level, after 5 minutes of rest 2
• Consider home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) or 24-hour ambulatory monitoring to exclude white-coat hypertension, which is common in patients newly found to have elevated BP 1
  • Home BP ≥135/85 mmHg or 24-hour ambulatory BP ≥130/80 mmHg confirms true hypertension 1
• Measure BP in both arms at the first visit and use the arm with higher values for subsequent measurements 2

Step 2: Screen for Secondary Causes (If Hypertension Confirmed)

• If the patient is under age 40 and hypertension is confirmed (BP ≥140/90 mmHg), comprehensive screening for secondary hypertension is required before initiating treatment, except in obese patients where obstructive sleep apnea should be evaluated first 1
• Measure renin and aldosterone levels to screen for primary aldosteronism in all adults with confirmed BP ≥140/90 mmHg 1, 2
• This step is crucial because secondary causes are more prevalent in younger adults, and treating the underlying cause may resolve hypertension entirely 1

Step 3: Assess Cardiovascular Risk

• Calculate 10-year cardiovascular disease risk using validated tools 2
• Obtain fasting lipid profile to assess additional cardiovascular risk factors 2
• Evaluate for target organ damage including assessment of renal function and proteinuria 3

Step 4: Immediate Lifestyle Modifications (Start Now)

All patients with BP >120/80 mmHg require intensive lifestyle modifications, regardless of whether pharmacological therapy is initiated: 2, 4

• Weight management: Achieve and maintain BMI of 20-25 kg/m² 1
• Dietary modifications:
  • Adopt DASH-style diet with 8-10 servings of fruits and vegetables per day and 2-3 servings of low-fat dairy products 2, 5
  • Sodium restriction: Limit intake to <2 g/day (approximately 5 g salt/day or <2,300 mg sodium) 1, 2
  • Potassium supplementation: Increase intake by 0.5-1.0 g/day through potassium-enriched salt (75% sodium chloride/25% potassium chloride) or fruits and vegetables 1, 4
  • Restrict free sugar consumption: Maximum 10% of energy intake, discourage sugar-sweetened beverages 1
• Physical activity: Increase regular aerobic exercise 6
• Alcohol moderation: Limit or eliminate alcohol consumption 4, 5
• Smoking cessation if applicable 2

Step 5: Decision on Pharmacological Treatment

Current BP 138/92 mmHg Classification:

This BP falls in the "high normal" range (130-139/85-89 mmHg) by European guidelines 3 or "Stage 1 Hypertension" by 2017 ACC/AHA criteria 3

Treatment Decision Algorithm:

If patient has diabetes, established cardiovascular disease, or chronic kidney disease with proteinuria:

• Start pharmacological treatment immediately along with lifestyle modifications 3, 1
• Randomized trials have shown antihypertensive treatment reduces cardiovascular events in these high-risk groups even with BP in the high normal range 3

If patient has NO diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or target organ damage:

• Implement intensive lifestyle modifications for 3-6 months and monitor BP closely 3, 2
• Reassess BP within 2-4 weeks after initiating lifestyle changes 2
• Start pharmacological treatment if:
  • BP remains ≥140/90 mmHg after 3-6 months of lifestyle modifications 3, 2
  • 10-year cardiovascular disease risk is ≥20% 3
  • Target organ damage develops 3

Rationale for This Approach:

The British Hypertension Society guidelines recommend evaluating lifestyle measures for up to 6 months in patients with grade 1 (mild) hypertension without complications or target organ damage 3. However, approximately 10-15% of patients will progress to requiring treatment within 5 years, so close monitoring is essential 3.

Step 6: If Pharmacological Treatment Is Indicated

First-line therapy should be combination treatment with two medications: 1, 2, 4

• Preferred combination: ACE inhibitor or ARB PLUS dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker 1, 2
• Use fixed-dose single-pill combination to improve adherence 1, 2
• Combination therapy is more effective than monotherapy and achieves BP control faster 1

Alternative first-line agents include thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics (chlorthalidone or indapamide preferred over hydrochlorothiazide) 2, 4

Step 7: Target Blood Pressure

• For most adults <65 years: Target BP <130/80 mmHg 3, 2
• For adults ≥65 years: Target systolic BP <130 mmHg if tolerated 3
• For patients with diabetes or established cardiovascular disease: Target BP <130/80 mmHg 2, 7

Step 8: Monitoring and Follow-up

• Reassess within 2-4 weeks after initiating or adjusting therapy 2, 7
• Goal is to achieve target BP within 3 months of initiating treatment 1
• Monitor serum creatinine/eGFR and potassium 7-14 days after starting ACE inhibitor, ARB, or diuretic 2
• Once BP is controlled and stable, follow up at least yearly for BP and cardiovascular risk factors 1, 2

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

• Do not delay confirmation of diagnosis - white-coat hypertension is common and can lead to unnecessary treatment 1
• Do not miss secondary causes in younger patients (<40 years), as treating the underlying cause may cure hypertension 1
• Do not use monotherapy if pharmacological treatment is indicated for confirmed hypertension ≥140/90 mmHg - combination therapy is more effective 1, 7
• Do not combine two RAS blockers (ACE inhibitor + ARB), as this increases adverse effects without additional benefit 7
• Do not underestimate the power of lifestyle modifications - the BP-lowering effects are partially additive and enhance pharmacological therapy 4, 5