Is a coronary angiogram required in all patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFPEF) to rule out Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), or can a stress test be done initially?

Coronary Evaluation in HFpEF: Stress Testing vs. Angiography

Coronary angiography is NOT required in all HFpEF patients to rule out CAD; a risk-stratified approach using non-invasive stress testing or coronary CT angiography should be performed first in most patients, with invasive angiography reserved for those at high risk or with positive non-invasive findings. 1

Risk-Stratified Diagnostic Algorithm

Low-to-Moderate Pre-Test Probability of CAD (5-50%)

• Start with non-invasive testing: coronary CT angiography (CCTA) or functional imaging (stress echocardiography, SPECT, or PET perfusion) 1
• CCTA is particularly useful as it can exclude CAD with high negative predictive value and identify the 64-80% of HFpEF patients who have significant coronary disease 2, 3, 4
• Functional imaging (stress echocardiography or nuclear perfusion) can detect both epicardial CAD and coronary microvascular dysfunction, which is present in 66-85% of HFpEF patients 1, 5

Very High Pre-Test Probability (>85%)

• Proceed directly to invasive coronary angiography with FFR/iFR capability 1
• This includes patients with typical angina, multiple cardiovascular risk factors, prior positive stress testing, or ECG changes suggesting prior myocardial infarction 1, 6

Intermediate Risk or Equivocal Non-Invasive Testing

• CCTA is recommended to clarify coronary anatomy before proceeding to invasive angiography 1
• If CCTA shows obstructive disease (≥50% stenosis), proceed to invasive angiography with physiologic assessment 1

Clinical Context: Why CAD Matters in HFpEF

CAD is present in 51-80% of HFpEF patients and significantly impacts outcomes:

• HFpEF patients with CAD have 71% higher mortality compared to those without CAD (HR: 1.71,95% CI: 1.03-2.98) 2
• Complete revascularization is associated with 44% lower mortality (HR: 0.56,95% CI: 0.33-0.93) and preservation of cardiac function 2
• Clinical symptoms alone cannot distinguish HFpEF patients with CAD from those without—angina and heart failure symptoms are similar in both groups 2, 3

Special Consideration: Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction

In HFpEF patients with persistent symptoms and normal or non-obstructive epicardial coronaries on angiography, further testing for CMD should be considered:

• PET perfusion imaging or CMR perfusion can detect CMD non-invasively 1
• Invasive coronary functional testing (coronary flow reserve, index of microvascular resistance) can be performed during angiography 1
• CMD is present in 81% of HFpEF patients without obstructive CAD and contributes to worse diastolic function and increased adverse events 1, 5

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

Do not rely on routine coronary angiography for all HFpEF patients:

• The 2008 ESC guidelines explicitly state "routine coronary angiography is not recommended" 1
• Non-invasive evaluation should determine the indication for subsequent angiography in low-risk patients 1

Do not assume absence of angina excludes significant CAD:

• Up to 50% of HFpEF patients with newly diagnosed obstructive CAD have no prior history of CAD 3
• Symptoms of angina and heart failure are similar regardless of CAD presence 2, 3

Do not perform angiography in patients who are not revascularization candidates:

• Angiography provides no therapeutic benefit if revascularization cannot be performed due to comorbidities, frailty, or patient preference 1, 6

Practical Implementation

For asymptomatic or atypically symptomatic HFpEF patients:

1. Obtain 12-lead ECG looking for Q waves or ST-T changes suggesting prior MI 6
2. Assess cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, smoking, family history) 1, 7
3. Perform CCTA if low-to-moderate risk or stress imaging if CCTA contraindicated 1
4. Reserve angiography for positive non-invasive findings 1

For symptomatic HFpEF patients with angina or anginal equivalents:

1. Proceed directly to coronary angiography with FFR/iFR capability 1, 6
2. Plan for potential revascularization based on anatomy and physiologic significance 1