What are the criteria for calculating the CHAD score in a patient with atrial fibrillation?

Calculating the CHA₂DS₂-VASc Score in Atrial Fibrillation

The CHA₂DS₂-VASc score is calculated by assigning points for specific clinical risk factors: Congestive heart failure (1 point), Hypertension (1 point), Age ≥75 years (2 points), Diabetes (1 point), prior Stroke/TIA/thromboembolism (2 points), Vascular disease (1 point), Age 65-74 years (1 point), and female Sex (1 point), with a maximum possible score of 9 points. 1

Score Components and Point Assignment

Cardiac and Vascular Factors

• Congestive heart failure (C) receives 1 point, defined as signs and symptoms of either right ventricular failure (elevated central venous pressure, hepatomegaly, dependent edema) or left ventricular failure (exertional dyspnea, cough, fatigue, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea) with objective evidence of cardiac dysfunction 1, 2
• Vascular disease (V) receives 1 point, defined as prior myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, or aortic plaque 2

Blood Pressure and Metabolic Factors

• Hypertension (H) receives 1 point, defined as either a documented history of hypertension OR current treatment with antihypertensive medication, regardless of current blood pressure control 2, 3
• Diabetes mellitus (D) receives 1 point, defined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or treatment with hypoglycemic agents 2

Age Categories (Cumulative Scoring)

• Age 65-74 years (A) receives 1 point 1, 2
• Age ≥75 years (A₂) receives an additional 2 points (for a total of 3 points when combined with the 65-74 category) 1, 2
• Age is scored cumulatively in two separate categories—a patient aged 76 receives both the 1 point for being 65-74 AND the 2 additional points for being ≥75, totaling 3 points for age alone 3

Thromboembolic History

• Prior Stroke, TIA, or thromboembolism (S₂) receives 2 points due to the highly elevated risk of recurrence 1, 2, 3

Sex Category

• Female sex (Sc) receives 1 point, making the minimum possible score for any woman equal to 1 2, 3
• Women without other risk factors (score = 1 from sex alone) have truly low risk similar to men with a score of 0 2, 4

Risk Stratification by Score

Low Risk Categories

• Score 0 (men) or 1 (women, from sex alone): Truly low risk with 0-0.6% annual stroke rate; no anticoagulation recommended 2, 4, 5

Moderate to High Risk Categories

• Score 1 (men): 0.6-1.3% annual stroke rate 4
• Score 2: 1.6-2.2% annual stroke rate—this is the critical threshold where oral anticoagulation is recommended 2, 4
• Score 3: 3.2% annual stroke rate 2
• Score 4: 4.0-8.2% annual stroke rate 3, 4
• Score 5: 6.7% annual stroke rate 2
• Score 6: 9.8% annual stroke rate 2
• Score ≥9: ≥15.2% annual stroke rate 2

Clinical Decision Algorithm

Step 1: Calculate the Score

• Add all applicable points from the components above, with a maximum possible score of 9 1, 2

Step 2: Apply Sex-Specific Thresholds

• For men: Oral anticoagulation recommended if score ≥1 (though score of 1 represents borderline indication) 2
• For women: Oral anticoagulation recommended if score ≥2 (meaning female sex plus at least one additional risk factor) 2, 3

Step 3: Anticoagulation Decision

• Score ≥2 (men) or ≥3 (women): Strong recommendation for oral anticoagulation, with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) preferred over warfarin as first-line therapy 2, 3
• If warfarin is used, maintain INR 2.0-3.0 with time in therapeutic range >70% 3

Step 4: Assess Bleeding Risk Concurrently

• Calculate HAS-BLED score to identify modifiable bleeding risk factors, but high bleeding risk should not be used as a reason to withhold anticoagulation 3
• The absolute benefit of anticoagulation substantially outweighs bleeding risk at scores ≥2 3

Advantages Over CHADS₂ Score

• The CHA₂DS₂-VASc score demonstrates superior sensitivity compared to the older CHADS₂ score (C-statistic 0.606-0.67 vs 0.561), particularly for identifying truly low-risk patients 2
• It includes additional risk factors (female sex, age 65-74, vascular disease) that CHADS₂ omits, allowing more refined risk stratification with a broader score range (0-9 vs 0-6) 1, 2
• The CHA₂DS₂-VASc score better discriminates stroke risk among patients with low CHADS₂ scores (0-1), reclassifying many patients—particularly older women—from low- to high-risk categories requiring anticoagulation 6

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

• Do not forget cumulative age scoring: A 76-year-old receives 3 total points for age (1 point for 65-74 + 2 points for ≥75), not just 2 points 3
• Treated hypertension counts equally: A patient with well-controlled hypertension on medication still receives 1 point 2
• Female sex alone does not mandate anticoagulation: Women with a score of 1 (from sex alone) are truly low-risk and do not require anticoagulation 2, 4, 5
• Apply to atrial flutter identically: All stroke prevention recommendations for atrial fibrillation apply equally to atrial flutter 2